Directing Macbeth Essay -- Drama

Directing Macbeth SCENE 1 It begins in a smoky hall; dark lighting and shadows are all you can see. A CD player is going at full volume in the background. We sweep across the dirty floor until a lead guitar, (not expensive but very well used), lays at the feet of a handsome young boy of about 16. He has thick black hair, just covering his striking blue eyes and perfect skin. We spread out a bit and see Macbeth's best friend, Banquo's shadowy face. Ginger curly hair shows up in the near darkness under his blue fisherman's hat. A BCU on Banquo's face shows us that he has bright green eyes. In these eyes, we see the doorframe and a shard of light as the door opens. We spin round as light and noise of the cars outside streams in. Another group walk in past the other three people sitting on the floor with Macbeth. This is the first time we have seen these people, two other boys and one girl all about the same age. This girl is Lady Macbeth. She is wearing a red tight top and a lot of make-up. The red top is to show the blood that she will shed and the make-up is to show the mask that she puts on later in the film. We have a view of the other group's legs and as they walk past, Macbeth's group looks jealous and cruel. The cd is turned off and Macbeth and Banquo scowl at each other, they are jealous of the other bands good favour with the record manager. There was another band here before and their record deal is called King. The lead guitarist is called Duncan. A white piece of fabric is pulled out of the still open door, as if on a dress. Macbeth's face is still in this shot, in the foreground but very much out of focus. Children's laughter is heard and Macbeth turns his head just as the door slams shut. We now speed through the smoke to a clipboard on a desk between two pairs of suited shoulders. Here is written "Thaine of Glamis" with Macbeth's name written on it and a paragraph of writing, Thaine of Cawdor with Freddie written next to it and also a paragraph of writing. At the very top of the page "King" is written with "Duncan" next to it. We now focus on the face of one of the two pairs of shoulders. He is beaming at the band who are playing and as they finish, he goes up to the lead singer and embraces him. He is large and fat with a bald spot on the back of his head. The other pair of shoulders is his secretary ... ...s side, unnoticed. Banquo laughs at him with the other two witches, goes to his side and starts his speech "good sir why do you start and seem to fear, things that do sound so fair," to Macbeth. Banquo thinks that this is a game, some thing made up by these young children and he starts to play along, "that he seems rapt withal- to me you speak not." He continues in this way, egging Macbeth on, while the witches group together again. Macbeth is standing alone by himself. The witches hold hands in a circle around Banquo and skip. They say these last few lines in the same tune from "Ring'a'ring'roses" they turn to run away after this but Macbeth says "stay you imperfect speakers" all the way to "Speak I Charge you". They all sing ring a ring a roses (the original words) while standing in the places they stopped, spread out on the green distant girls laughter comes and goes. At "they all fall DOWN" we have a close up of the main witches eyes then of Macbeth' eyes then of the main witch, when "Down" is shouted the witches suddenly vanish leaving the boys back in the roadside and the noise of the cars and guitar bass again is Deafening. We zoom right out matrix style.

Homelessness in Public Schools Essay -- Education

In the United States nationwide public schools are faced with dilemmas. The choices schools make has to be effective, serve the students, and have the best outcome. Well known problems such as bullying, special educational needs, budget cuts, new standards, and job cuts. Some of the problems are well known to the public while other problems are left in the background. According to the National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth (NAEHCY) reported that the U.S. Department of Education collected data stating â€Å"during the 2008-2009 school year that 954,914 homeless children and youth were enrolled in public schools.† This problem affects the child socially, mentally, and most importantly academically. The National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth (NAEHCY) defines Homelessness â€Å"is a lack of permanent housing resulting from extreme poverty and/or unsafe or unstable living environments† (NAEHCY, 2011, p. 2). In the year 2004, it was required that all states were to report to CSPR (Consolidated State Performance Report) of data collected of children and youth enrolled in any educational services (Bowman, Dukes, Moore, 2012, p. 6). The table presented below shows reports the school years of 2004-2010. Number of Homeless Students Reported by States in the CSPR 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 655,591 906,680* 679,724 794,617 956,914 939,903 The National Center on Family Homelessness (NCFH) conducted research and collected data and found during a three year research of CSPR reports. (Bowman. ET al.’s, 2012). In the school years 2006-2009 â€Å"41% increase in the number of homeless student enrolled in schools across the nation† (Bowman... ...2). Summary of the state of research: On the relationship between homelessness and academic achievement among school-aged children and youth (ED-04-CO-0056/0002). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Education website: http://www.serve.org/nche Carter. Samuel, C. (2000). No excuses; lessons from 21 high performing high poverty schools. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation. Murphy.Joseph, F. & Tobin.Kerri, J. (2011, November). Homelessness comes to school. How homeless children and youths can succeed, 93(3), 32-37. Retrieved from http://kappanmagazine.org National Assocation for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth. (2011). Facts about homeless education. Retrieved from http;//naehcy.org/facts.html W&B School of Education. (2012). History of the mckinney act. Retrieved from http://education.wm.edu/centers/hope/resources/mckinneyact/index.php

English Coursework †Othello Essay

How does Shakespeare conclude the dramatic performance of Othello in order to address the questions of blame and justice in the tragedy? Introduction Shakespeare’s play Othello, which was first performed in the early 17th century, depicts sexism, racism and status efficiently, as the play continues these forms of inequality change as a result of the chaos in ‘Order-Chaos-Order’; the structure which Shakespeare used in this play to convey the change that occurs between each order. The consequence of the chaos leads to the modification of the relative status of the characters and causes an effect upon the way blame and justice are applied to the individuals. One of the main characters of the play is Othello; his importance in the play is that he is a general of the powerful city Venice â€Å"The Duke does greet you, General†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I.2 page 59. The introduction of him puts an impact on his reputation because it begins with racist comments, told by three characters: Iago â€Å"his Moorship’s Ancient.† I.1 page 53, Brabantio â€Å"It is too true and evil†¦with the Moor† I.1 page 57 and Roderigo â€Å"†¦full fortune does the thick-lips owe† I.1 page 53. Though his reputation gets affected by these comments, his status shows him as a person worth respect. His true characteristics, that were described later on, interacted with his introduction â€Å"†¦my perfect soul†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I.2 page 65, another showed that he was a truthful and non-civilised character â€Å"Rude am I in my speech†¦blessed with the soft praise of peace† I.3 page 65, this goes against the elements that are needed for a person to be a general. Audience could understand that Othello is not really someone who can control, but someone who can be controlled because of these characteristics, which may lead to the tragedy. Iago does not have much of importance at the beginning because he is known to be the ensign of the army; despite this his role in the overall play makes him an important character. He was the only character who knew about everything that was going on amongst the other characters; this gave him the opportunity to control them. Also interpreted the appearance of the roman god Janus â€Å"By Janus, I think no† I.2 page 59, the key to begin the tragedy. His true identity is disguised therefore the trust of other characters are gained â€Å"†¦Honest Iago† II.3 page 99. Iago takes advantage of Othello’s true character and is able to control him by confusing him â€Å"What dost thou mean?† III.3 page 110, this influences the change in Othello’s character turning against the people he once loved and trusting Iago who does not deserve it. Desdemona does not generally have importance in the play but her appearance and characteristics relate to the tragedy and links with the actions and motives of Othello â€Å"I’ll not expostulate with her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 139 and Iago â€Å"Now, I do love her too; not out of absolute lust†¦Ã¢â‚¬  II.1 page 87. Her status began with her father Brabantio, who was a rich representative in Venice. As black men were generally considered of a low status in the 17th century, racism was not thought to be a problem; if a woman was to marry a black man then it would lower her status. The same way when Desdemona married Othello she was no more under the shadow of her father she became low in status â€Å"†¦ here’s my husband†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I.3 page 69. The mention of this made Brabantio say a curse to Othello which does put an effect to lead towards tragedy â€Å"†¦She has deceived her father, and may thee†I.3 page 72. By Iago using his ability to control he diverts Othello’s thought about Desdemona, he does this by creating a false story about an affair between Cassio and her, this lead to Othello thinking about killing Desdemona â€Å"Get me some poison†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 139, Iago was able to convince him of killing her in a different way â€Å"†¦strangle her in her bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 139, this will affect Othello’s title and his personality. Iago was always against women, known to be a misogynist â€Å"It is a creature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 135. While altering Othello’s thoughts he had made him think almost in the same way is well, this brings sexism in the play â€Å"She says enough; yet she’s a simple bawd†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.2 page 144 (all of Othello’s speech). The same as racism, sexism was not considered as a problem during the 17th century. Sexism is mentioned towards the end of Act IV, because it is the last step to begin the tragedy. Act V starts off with a small battle between Cassio, who was the lieutenant of Venice and Roderigo, who was not accepted as a lover by Desdemona. Roderigo had died after being betrayed by Iago ‘he stabs Roderigo’ V.1 page 160 and mentioned his true character in front of everyone else who was present â€Å"O damned Iago! O inhuman dog!† V.1 page 160, as Iago cunningly speeded up the scene the last words of Roderigo was left unnoticed â€Å"How silent is this town! Ho, murder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.1 page 160, the tragedy has just begun, if Iago was to be unmasked at this stage the play would end sooner than it should. To continue on for a while longer this action of Iago was established. Bianca was known to be a sexual partner of Cassio, sexism becomes worse at the end of Act V Scene 1; not only did Iago blame her for Cassio’s injuries â€Å"†¦the fruit of whoring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.1 page 163 but Emilia did is well â€Å"O, fie upon thee strumpet!† V.1 page 163. Othello turns back to his normal character during the beginning of scene 2, this is shown by his words making sense, also describing how his motive has changed, he will only kill her to purify her soul, â€Å"†¦Justice to break her sword†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.2 page 164. By this, we know that Othello is not completely under the control of Iago, this decision was his own decision. Once the conversation between Desdemona and him occurs he shows signs of epilepsy â€Å"why gnaw you so your nether lip?† V.2 page 165. When he committed the crime he was not thinking straight, he killed her in a very non-masculine way ‘He smothers her’ V.2 page 168, not being able to see or touch her shows that he needed to do it rather than wanting to do it. Using this method does not tend to kill the victim but may make them unconscious, men tend to kill very violently and make sure that their victim is dead, Othello was not able to succeed in either way therefore he lost his masculinity â€Å"Nobody- I myself – farewell.† V.2 page 170 Desdemona killed herself. The tragedy has reached its centre; Iago is now brought to justice. The only character who was able to unmask Iago successfully was his own wife Emilia. She understood how her husband had lied about Cassio and Desdemona, which lead to her death. â€Å"You told a lie, an odious damnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d lie† V.2 page 172. Despite all effort on calming Emilia down, Iago failed and Othello realised who the real culprit was â€Å"Zounds, hold your peace† V.2 page 174. Iago’s identity is unravelled in front of everyone and he escapes with committing a surprise attack on his wife Emilia ‘Iago stabs Emilia from behind’ V.2 page 175, this describes him as an inhuman person who gives no mercy, whereas Othello let his wife say her last words before she died â€Å"†¦thou be’st a devil†¦I bleed, sir, but not killed† V.2 page 177. Now that Iago has finally been unmasked he was claimed that he would not mention why he did this to anyone, loosing hi s power of speech which he had, to control everyone â€Å"†¦I will never speak a word† V.2 page 178. Shakespeare’s last form of structure (order) had to happen. Othello’s job has been taken away â€Å"†¦Your power and command is taken off†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.2 page 179, the last of what he had, it was taken away because of the murder which he had committed â€Å"†¦damned slave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.2 page 179. Before he dies he mentions what he wants people to think of him â€Å"one that loved too wisely†¦Indian threw a pearl away† V.2 page 179. Othello had lost his body because of Iago controlling it, his title which he just lost and his perfect soul because he just killed an innocent person whom he loved, making Othello into nothing therefore he deserved to die. Conclusion Three main characters were shown and how they were different compared to each other in the play. How the chaos can change their status was also mentioned. Racism, Sexism and Status have been mentioned to show how the story gradually leads to the tragedy. During the chaos the features of each character is affected, causing both Othello and Desdemona to lose their existence and Iago to lose his power of speech, leading him towards justice. Towards the end of the play Othello did not have the same high status as he had when he was at the beginning because he had lost everything he had; this means that he is the one who is to blame for the tragedy. â€Å"My parts, my title, and my perfect soul shall manifest me rightly† I.2 page 59. Lodovico is known to be the most important because he is the last character to speak towards the end of the play; he was the only character who was not affected by Iago at all.

Effects on students having relationship while studying Essay

â€Å"A true relationship is someone who accepts your past, supports your present, loves you and encourages your future.† This research discuss about the effects on students having a relationship or affair to opposite sex while studying. This research will figure out many effects that may lead to a positive or negative outcome that is useful to the students themselves. According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, relationship is a romantic or sexual relationship between two people. A lot of students nowadays get involved to many kind of relationship. Somehow students are getting careless on making decisions on this topic. Due to immaturity and lack of guidance this may result to some negative and positive outcomes. Negative outcomes may be in a form in which students will get unfocused to their studies or even worst may lead to teenage pregnancy. On the brighter side, positive outcome may be in a form of serving as a inspiration and boost students determination to focus on their students to get high marks in school. It may also teach students on how to be responsible, patient and be mature on decisions they make. Thesis Statement: I believe that the effects on students having a relationship or commitment will lead to negative outcomes. 1.1OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This research paper aims to: 1.Determine the effects on students having a relationship or affair on opposite sex while studying. 2. Know how far the patience of the students on their relationship is. 3. Determine how guided the students are when it comes to this issue. 4. Know the key on how to manage between studies and relationship. 1.2HYPOTHESIS Having a commitment or relationship while studying may result on students to get unfocused to their studies. 1.3RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.Why did you decide to get involved in a commitment or relationship? 2Is having a love quarrel before taking examination affect your score? 3Does having a relationship can affect your studies? 4Does your parent know that you’re in a relationship? If so, what is their way on guiding you? 5If you we to choose between boyfriend/girlfriend and studies, what will you choose? Why? 5.1SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY There are 3 groups of people that would benefit this research. First are the students who are in a relationship, especially those who are studying at the University of San Augustine, Iloilo, because this research will help them to determine what are the effects of having a relationship to their studies. Second are the teachers, because they will know that this issue takes a big part or serves as a big factor that student get low marks at school. And for them also to be aware and to be open minded to this issue. And last, to all the parents because this research also reveals the part of the students. By this research, parents will know the thoughts of their children getting involved to this matter and to guide their children in a good and pleasing way. 5.2NEEDS OF THE STUDY We all know for a fact that teenager get involved more often to relationship than adults. It is also a reality that students get involved to negative result due to their carelessness on this issue. Tackling about this issue may contribute a lot for the students who are in a relationship in order for them to realize many things. It also each or reveal many unfold thoughts of the students. The reason why they get in a relationship and how would this effect not only their personal life but also their studies. And how their parents and the people around tem guide or influence them regarding this issue. This topic is needed in 2 important places. 1st at the school, here the students get a lot of influence. It is where carelessness on student’s decision takes place. This research will unfold the rate of influence in every student. This research will also tell you the effects on the people around you when you decide on your relationship to someone. This will show how a love quarrel will will affect your relationship to your classmate or friends. 2nd is at home, where it all started. This research is needed to hear the voice of the students on every problem they face at home. This will  answer many why’s of the topic. Like, why students get involved to this issue? Or why does student find a feeling of love and belonging to other people?

Manging theories and globalization Essay

Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss whether general administrative theories are relevant to managing modern global organisations. It shall be argued that general administrative theories are a basic outline for managers in modern global organisations to refer to, rather than a guide that should be strictly followed while ignoring circumstances that surround the outside environment of the organisation. Introduction Managers these days are constantly being challenged with so many different obstacles, not only within the environment of the business, but from many other exterior sources that may affect their decisions on a daily basis. The early 19th century brought about a number of administrative theorists who defined certain guidelines that management should consider using to achieve success in the organisation. These theories helped to shape businesses in the earlier years and are now simply a foundation for managers to utilise, if needed. However, with globalisation and the ever broadening issues in the world today, such theories will not necessarily be efficient, effective, or relevant in the same organisation in one part of the world, to another on the other side of the globe. In addition to globalisation, there are many internal and external forces that are constantly evolving and unfolding, forcing involuntary transformations of the way objectives may be achieved by managers. For any organisation accomplish their goals it is vital for management to focus on changes that occur inside and outside the organisation, and not just theories that are somewhat out dated or are not necessarily related to todayâ€⠄¢s global companies and environmental issues. General Administration Theories Henri Fayol (1841-1925) was a French management theorist who introduced scientific organisational guidelines of labour, which had a great influence on organisations at the start of the 20th century. Fayol was the first to identify the functions of management which are: managing, planning, organising, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. In 1917 he introduced the fourteen principles of management in French and then later on published them in English in 1949. (Wikipedia Encyclopaedia 2006). Fayol’s fourteen principles were a great beginning in defining what management should consider doing in general, especially throughout the industrial age where it was extensively utilised. It is proposed by Hunt (2001. p.1) that the world of work is being transformed at an unprecedented rate, placing increasing pressure on individuals to adapt to the changes around them and to cope with the challenges that emerge from these changes. Fayol’s theories are now being referred to as ‘classical’ administration or ‘Old Public Administration’ against what is now being utilised in the world, ‘New Public Management’ (Olsen 2002). With endless research since the 1900, there still has not been any extensive hypothesises on what managers or leaders do and no clear evidence on what good managers do that is unique. These individuals are believed to have a special visionary and driving force which allows them to inspire their employees to greater efforts, usually resulting in extraordinary performance turnarounds (Craig & Yetton 1995, p.1185). Globalisation and Theories Haque (2002, p.103) interprets globalisation as a process of integrating nations, societies, peoples, and institutions in the economic, political, cultural, and intellectual domains through means such as capital, production, exchange, and information owned and controlled unequally by states, classes, groups, and individuals. Globalisation is no longer constrained by national borders. Australian companies are building properties in the United Kingdom and South-East Asia, German cars are being built in the United States, McDonalds sells its burgers in China, and Japanese cars are manufactured in Australia. The world has defiantly become a global village (Robbins et al. 2006, p.57). Along with globalisation comes a whole diverse standpoint on theories, and how or if they are applied. Between the years of 1980 and 2000, many transitions occurred. This period displayed the industrial age giving way to the economic imperatives of the information era (Hunt. 2001, p.1). Varied surrounding environments nowadays challenge management on a global scale, including Fayol’s methods. There are so many other principles that a manager must consider before resorting back to Fayol’s fourteen principles. For instance internal, external, and specific circumstances these days shape the way a manager manages his or her firm. Some of these issues that need to be taken into consideration relate to suppliers, customers, public pressure groups, competitors, global, economic, political, sociocultural, demographics, and technology matters. Environmental issues are expanding at a rapidly fast rate which is placing pressure on managers to pursue their own intelligent and logically ways and means in managing an organisation that will lead them to gaining the success and profits that is expected. Olsen (2002) suggests that the ‘New Public Management’ portrays a centrally organized and rule-bound public administration as outdated. The public sector is not distinctive from the private sector and the slogan: ‘let the managers manage’ implies fewer uniform, system-wide rules and procedures and more flexibility and decentralization. The public administration is primarily an instrument for efficient service production, governed by a performance-oriented culture with a focus on results, entrepreneurship and efficiency. Environmental Forces Technology is one of the biggest issues that management has had to deal with. Hunt (2001. p5) suggests that our increasingly wired world has effectively been evolving progressively over the past two decades. This dramatic evolution has been driven by two key factors. The first is the widespread commitment on the part of organisations everywhere to accelerate and maximise their levels of competitiveness. The second is the digital revolution, which has resulted in technological developments that have helped to transform the way in which work is carried out. According to Haque (2002, p.106) one of the most effective measures enhancing globalisation has been the internet. It has been predicted that the number of internet users has increased from 26 million in 1995 to 143 million in mid-1998. That figure currently stands at 1,022,863,307 billion as of March 31st, 2006 (Internet World Stats 2006). With the ever increasing and advancing technology, managers need to be able to keep the organ isation streamlined and stable through newer structures and methods of managing, while keeping up with the vast technological variations and competition. Another important issue that has dramatically changed since the introduction of the earlier theories is the political and legal system that surrounds almost any particular business or organisation. Australian managers are accustomed to stable legal and political systems, which change at a slow rate. This may not be the case in many other countries around the globe such as South Africa, South America, and China (Robbins et al. 2006, p.137). Another particular country that places strains on managers, due to constant changes, is Saudi Arabia. Many mangers in Saudi Arabia have to deal with dramatic political and legal system changes that are unexpected and unpredicted. In September 2005, the government of Saudi Arabia passed a law that states â€Å"the number of Saudi workers hired by the employer must be no less then 75% of the total workforce, although the labour minister is entitled to reduce that proportion temporarily† if there is no competent nationals to fill relevant jobs (New Saudisation law comes into force 2005). This dramatic law was applied almost immediately which had managers searching for ways to restructure their organisation in the most efficient, effective, ethical way. Regardless of where the company originates from, organisations had a time period of three months to ensure this percentage was achieved or penalties would apply. Many foreign investors and organisations have relocated their companies, due to this inconvenient law, to the United Arab Emirates, where globalisation is welcomed widely. Others opted to remain and try to bypass the law by employing any Saudi national, qualified or unqualified, just to meet the numbers required. Qualified Saudi nationals are available in remarkably small numbers and are usually highly paid, whereas some of the unqualified Saudi nationals are usually not committed or are irresponsible in employment which leads them to being trained to handle lower and less responsible positions. Yet, some organisations have decided to register Saudi nationals on their payroll, regardless whether they show up to work or not. The advantage of having them on the payroll allows the organisation to meet the conditions of Saudi government without changing the structure excessively. However, this has caused additional overheads leading to a reduction in total profits for these organisations. Managers in such countries face great uncertainty as a result of political instability (Robbins et al. 2006, p.137). Fayol’s theories in situations like this one are totally irrelevant. Managers have to rethink their strategy at any given moment in a much more complicated direction, while the government decides which step to take next, whether it is ethical or unethical. Risk management is an important point that needs to be looked at in organisations also. At the present time, many companies working in unsafe environments thoroughly evaluate and plan risk management, before planning any other organisational objectives. Initial theorists did not contemplate risk management or whether it was needed or not, whereas managers in recent times acknowledge that it is of a high priority in some countries. The September eleven attack is a disaster that no one can forget, especially for the numerous organisations that were in the twin towers. What risk management plans did managers outline prior to this unpredictable incident? The answer is most probably none. Management in the towers at the time may have used some basic administrative theories on that day, but never imagined they that would be dealing with matters beyond any management model or structure. Chief partner for Capco, Joe Anastosia commented in an interview that â€Å"There are new thoughts on human skills, skills you can’t back up on computer. How do you protect your people? How do you protect against intellectual capital loss? Where giving people information on how to leave the building, how to seek out help, and we’re not unique. Most firms are doing that now† (Clark 2001). With the increased pressure of the external environmental forces, managers are exploring and adopting other alternatives to managing that are not included in Fayol’s theories but are in fact more suitable to today’s alternating world. Older theories maybe adopted and applied to non-western countries, but only to a certain extent as several cultural issues may collide with western methods. Expatriate mangers that ignore foreign values and customs and apply an attitude of ‘ours is better than theirs’, will quickly find it hard to compete against other global managers who are willing to understand the cultures that are tied to the organisation where they reside (Robbins et al. 2006, p.122). Successful global management is obligated to have a higher sensitivity to cultural differences, customs, and practices in various parts of the world (Robbins et al. 2006, p.125). GLOBE (Global Leadership and organisational Behaviour Effectiveness) investigating cross-cultural leadership, has been able to research data obtained from 18,000 middle managers in 62 countries. This has lead to nine diverse dimensions on which national cultures differ. These include: assertiveness, future orientation, gender differentiation, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism/collectivism, in-group collectivism, performance orientation, and humane orientation. Such research and investigation has enabled managers to gain additional information to help them identify and manage cultural differences. Jun (2000, p.277) believed that it is difficult to understand or predict the changing contexts of other cultures and nations through a theoretical lens used by post-industrial Western nations. Managers with an open mind and attitude, including easy adaptation, will be able to decipher how to gain success through the understanding of the local culture. As countries are confronted with the need for crisis management and with the uncertainty and ambiguity of coping with turbulent changes, ideographic, inductive, and qualitative approaches to local and national situations seem more useful for understanding different administrative problems as well as diverse ways of dealing with them (Jun 2000, p.284). Individuals, such as managers or leaders, find it difficult to identify key factors that are relevant to a particular situation, even if judgment could be passed through, the factors or mechanisms themselves are usually so limited in its understanding that it is not clear how to manage them. Leadership research has shown that the theories that were widespread in the fifties and sixties were focussed on the behaviour of the leader, with expectation that these were ensuring participation, being concerned with people, and structuring up tasks (Kotter 1990, p.1186). As a matter of choice, present managers seek their own individual ways of m otivating their employees to ensure success for the organisation, with special consideration to the surrounding environments that cause changes inside and outside the organisations environment. Many managers today still refer to the works of Fayol as a basic logically approach in management, yet many other theories have been brought forward, with up-to-date modern recommendations which are more suitable to current managers in the global market. Kotter (1990) suggested that these theories are able to aid managerial competencies. For instance there has been a lot of evidence that if people are set high achievable goals, and are given the skills needed, than performance improves. Leadership is a powerful concept and is increasing. There are many people who ‘produce leadership’, and it is hard not to think they’d made a difference. However, there is never a chance to see what may have happened if someone else had lead that certain organisation at that time. There has been considerable evidence that success relies on a complex pattern of organisational and environmental forces. There is little doubt that successive waves of downsizing initiatives and the drive towards outsourcing key corporate functions have placed greater pressures on managers to ensure that their organisations remain cohesive and integrated while preserving the capacity for innovation and adaptability. Slimmer organisational structures of the present age make it almost impossible for managers to operate according to the old hierarchical paradigms with their concentration being on command and control administrative dimensions. Managers are required to share larger amounts of information these days unlike before, as it has shown that their capabilities to do so influences performance levels of many others around them (Hunt 2001, p.8). Conclusion It is evident that general administrative theories may have been relevant to organisations many years ago when external environmental influences had a lesser affect on the organisation and its structure. The world has changed with the introduction of globalisation and its accelerated growth, which has lead to many changes in the way a manager manages, plans, organises, commands, coordinates, and controls. Without the assistance of any particular theories, managers have been able to deal with internal and external matters with a level-headed, rational and sensible manner which will possibly solve the problem at hand and achieve the organisations main objective. Bibliography Aljezzera Net 2006, New Saudisation law comes into force. Retrieved April 28, 2006, from http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BCED3E8F-DB85-4932-8FED-B16DD840B717.htm Clark, P 2001, ‘Firms deal with displacement’, B to B. vol. 86, no.19, October 15, p. 6 & 21. Haque, MS 2002, ‘Globalisation, new political economy, and governance: A third world viewpoint’, Administrative Theory and Praxis, vol. 24, no.1, pp. 103-124. Hunt, J 2001, ‘The future of work’ in Weisner, R & Millett, B (Eds.) Management and organisational behaviour: contemporary challenges and future directions, Wiley, Brisbane, pp. 3-10. Internet World Stats 2006, Usage and population statistics. Retrieved April 29, 2006, from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stas.htm Jun, JS 2000, ‘Transcending the limits of comparative administration: A new internationalism in the making’, Administrative Theory and Praxis, vol. 22, no.2, pp. 273-286. Kotter, J 1990, ‘What do leaders really do?’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 63, no.3, May-June, pp. 103 – 111. Olsen, JP n.d, ‘Towards an European administrative space?’, Arena Working Papers, retrieved April 20, 2006, from http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp02_26.htm Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M. (2006), Management, Prentice Hall 4th edn, Frenchs Forest. Wikipedia Encyclopaedia 2006, Henri Fayol. Retrieved April 22, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol

Dicussion questions Essay

How do organizational functions affect organizational structures? How do your organization’s functions affect its organizational structure? How do organizational structures affect organizational functions? How does your organization’s structure affect its organizational functions? An organization is defined as a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals. The function of an organization directly relates to its structure. To succeed as an organization, all the functional areas must work together. There are different levels of structures: Vertical and Horizontal. Vertical organizational structures means a strict top down or bottom up structure (chain of command is important); horizontal, flat or closer to flat organizational structure (no leaders). While the organization I work for does not participate in any sort of sales, we do protect America through research and being knowledgeable in different aspects of careers. The Air Force follows a vertical organizational structure. There is always a person in charge of someone. To file a complaint, you have to start with the lowest level and work your way up. Organizational structures affect organizational functions depending on the main goal/strategy. The functions and structures of organizations go hand in hand. What are the different types of organizational structures? Which type of structure do you think is the most effective? Why is this structure the most effective? How can organizations determine if they are structured in the most effective and efficient manner? The different types of organizational structures are functional, divisional, and matrix. Functional structure is departmentalization around specialized activities such as production, marketing, and human resources. Divisional structure is departmentalization that groups units around products, customers, or geographic regions. Matrix structure is an organization composed of dual reporting relationships in which some managers’ report to two superiors –a functional manager and a divisional manager. The most effective structure is the matrix structure because it consists of the other functions, both of which would fail without them. Organizations can determine if they are structured in the most effective and efficient manner by analyzing how their business operates. Consider an organization in which you have worked. Draw it’s organization chart, and describe it by using terms from Ch. 8 of the text. Describe your experience with the organization. Did you enjoy working there? Explain your response. The experience I have had with the organization is good. Our organization makes charts for each unit’s supervision. Everyone knows who to contact in case of an emergency or if there is a problem with the chain of command. So far, I have enjoyed working for the military. I appreciate structure and reliability. What evidence have you seen of the imperatives for change, flexibility, and responsiveness faced by today’s firms? By firms becoming learning organizations they can be skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights. Firms should also have a high-involvement organization, which top management ensures that there is consensus about the direction in which the business is heading.

Analysis of the Modern State and Features of Stock Market Investment

Analysis of the Modern State and Features of Stock Market Investment Portfolio Analysis for stock market investment An investor tends to come up with various pools of investment to the market intending to maximize bid share and with an aim of upholding the invested amount in the stock market which is generally advocated in the principle of low risks which should lead to high yields. As much as long term investment is concerned, various factors such as types of assets in the portfolio and the management policy, by way of measuring both investor’s long and short term investment goals whereby they should come to fulfillment before closure of the intended period which makes easy to have 10 stocks for a given time. In order to attain an optimal asset allocation for portfolio, the investor should be aware of the market risks likely to encounter. The investor should however come up with the most efficient and risk tolerance portfolio goals. Some of the reasons which fostered the kind of market are as outlined. Transaction summary It clearly lists all the financial activities which occurred in the account in a systematic way. The total investable principle and the additional amount which can be invested can easily be channeled to the market. This has however sieved un important financial transaction which leaves the investor with the net market transactions which includes market buy, market sell, earned dividends and short proceeds. This report allows the investor to filter different transactions by date of occurrence and the date of transaction. Portfolio summary This summary shows the both cash inflow and outflows, purchases and sales, and, cash distributions which make it easy for the investors to at any particular to access the financial position of the investment firm. The summary also outlines all activities and performance in a specified duration, this summary is reached out by use of all transactions that occurred during the specified period of time i.e weekly, after two weeks etc. The investor can have a view on the look of the portfolio in between the selected time duration. The summary includes: value summary section, cash distributions and purchases section, period Returns section, and the portfolios and transaction bit of it. This approach guides on the starting market value (recorded at end of a starting date), ending market value (recorded at the close of ending date) and the portfolio net change. This makes it easy to come up with a financial and a defined market report and trade completion. The Gain/Loss summary The investor can easily get to know how the investment has performed in duration of specified period in terms profit or loss. This guides the investment scheme in making decisions for future investments and shows if the investor minimized costs to maximize returns. Every purchase in this case is matched with the sell transaction and a display of either there is a loss/gain. This information leads to the Back-In-Time-Report. Performance Study This approach analyses the aggregate performance of an investor in the market to other major investors. The trade however reflects the intended purpose, indicating whether the investor is 3in line with the set objectives or not, showing how the investor has failed to meet the core obligation which is maximum returns. True diversification of assets to market exposure is reached out, which advocates for low costly assets and low investment costs.