Research proposal Essay

The first edition of Guidelines for writing a research proposal appeared in 1997. It has inevitably been widely read, not because of its inherent fascination, but because, over its eight year life, numerous postgraduate students in the Psychology Department have had to consult it in order to survive (and in most cases master) the arduous process of writing a research proposal. Several changes have been made for this new edition. A number of sections which led to regular misunderstandings on the part of readers have been clarified. There have also been minor administrative changes within the Department and the University which have required that some of the content be updated. However the main change is that the conventions for citing and listing references have been extensively revised to bring them into line with the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001). In addition, the examples covered are more extensive and reflect a wider range of the kinds of references likely to be cited not only in research proposals but also in the thesis itself. This means that this booklet provides a useful source for all postgraduates in the Department of Psychology who want a quick guide to the conventions for citing and listing references for any work to be presented to staff in the Department. David Edwards, February 2004 1. What is a research proposal and what is it for? Whether you are planning a small honours research project or a major research project at PhD level, the process of research proposal preparation will help you to think carefully about many aspects of your proposed research. If you embark on a research project without adequate preparation, you run the risk of discovering as you go along that what you have taken on is too large, too small, impossible, or full of contradictions! The guidelines set out in this document are designed to prevent this from happening. By following them, in close consultation with your supervisor, the planning of your research project will be orderly, thorough and well conceptualized. This will ensure that you have an appropriate focus for the research project and that, once you begin the research, you will be able to follow a series of methodological steps which are likely to succeed in answering your research questions. The finished research proposal is a formal, highly focused document which summarizes your plans for setting about a research project. The format requirements are set out below. It is important to follow these carefully because they reflect the criteria which are used by the committee(s) that will evaluate your proposal (see Appendix 1 for a detailed set of such criteria). At Honours level, proposals are usually reviewed by an Honours research proposals review committee. Master’s proposals in Clinical and Counselling Psychology are reviewed by the Psychology Department’s Research Projects Review Committee (RPRC). All other Master’s and PhD proposals are first reviewed by the RPRC, and, once they have been passed by that committee, go on to the Humanities Higher Degrees Committee (HHDC). Information about the dates on which the RPRC and HHDC meet (and the deadlines for submission of proposals for their agendas) is available in an information document which is obtainable from the Administrative Assistant and usually posted on the Department’s website (Research Projects Review Committee information, 2003). 2. The basic format Whatever degree your research is for, you will need to follow the same basic principles with regard to the format and structure of the research proposal. Section 3 below provides detailed guidelines as to how you should organize and structure it into various sections. Section 5 describes the conventions to be followed for citing and listing reference material. In addition, please note the following formal requirements for the proposal: ‘ Use 1 ½ spacing between lines and a 12 point Arial or Times New Roman font (or one of similar size). ‘ For proposals which do not go on to the HHDC, the title and other information should be displayed at the top of the proposal (see Figure 1); for proposals which will go to the HHDC they should be on a separate header page (see Figure 2). ‘ The proposal may not exceed five pages (not including the header page where this applies) and should not include appendices. Note: if your proposal is shorter than this, it will probably contain inadequate information. ‘ Number the pages (not the header page where this applies). Figure 1 Heading format for proposals which do not go to the HHDC Rhodes University Department of Psychology — Honours 20031 An evaluation of an affirmative action programme in a small organization2 Research proposal submitted by3 __________________ _______4 Supervisor 5 __________________________________________ Begin the text of your research proposal here †¦ . Figure 2 Format for title page of proposals which go to the HHDC A programme evaluation of a training programme for HIV/AIDS counsellors2 Research proposal submitted by Melissa Appollis3 g03c1263 4 For a thesis in fulfilment6 of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology1 Supervisor: Professor T. Mkhize5 Key for Figures 1 Name of degree 4 Student number 2 Title of project 5 Supervisor 3 Student name 6 â€Å"†¦ fulfilment† or â€Å"†¦ partial fulfilment† 3. The structure of the proposal The research proposal needs to have a title, a context section, statement of the research question or aims and a method section. Below are guidelines for writing each of these. Pay close attention to the kind of information that should be included in each part. Following these guidelines will help you to make best use of the limited space available and to avoid the inclusion of irrelevant or inappropriate material. 3.1 Title The title should give the reader a succinct indication of what the research is about. This must include reference to the field of research and an indication of what the research question is.  It is often best not to write the title until you have finished writing the rest of the research proposal.  You may change the title when you write the actual research project either to reflect new emphases that emerge as the project unfolds, for example, in response to unexpected findings from your data analysis, or to add an artistic or personal touch to give your title a human quality or some personal distinctiveness. Important note: For those theses which go through the HHDC, the title is recorded in the Faculty record. This means that it cannot be changed without formally notifying the Dean and getting the  permission of the Faculty. A request to change the title must be made in writing to the Faculty Office, preferably well before the thesis is actually handed in. 3.2 Context The function of this section is to prepare the reader for the research question(s) that will be found in the following section. In order to do this thoroughly, you will need to cover the following points: ‘ You must show that your question is situated in an existing literature which provides a background and context for your own research. You may draw on a particular research tradition or discourse within psychology (for example, attribution theory, radical feminism, object relations theory, a particular personality theory, career development theory). Or you may describe the literature in a particular applied area, such as HIV/AIDS counselling, affirmative action in South African organizations, psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder, attitudes to socio-political transformation, or the effects of cumulative mild brain injuries in sport. Sometimes there may be two or more areas of the research literature which are relevant to your research. In this case you need to introduce the relevant concepts and issues from each one. You need to write about these concepts and research findings in such a way that you demonstrate that there is a substantial existing literature which you will be drawing on, and that you have a working knowledge and understanding of that literature. ‘ Introduce and define the most important psychological concepts, distinctions, principles and theories which will form the basis of the conceptual framework within which your research question makes sense (Leedy & Ormrod, 2001). ‘ In participatory and/or action research projects, conducted in partnership with a community, an organization, or a particular group of people, give a brief account of the nature of the partner community, organization or group. You should also describe the organizational or community context within which the research will take place. In addition, provide details of the history of your involvement with  the community, organization or partners and of the implicit or explicit contract that you have with them. ‘ When writing up a case study of a therapy or counselling process that has already taken place, give a brief account of the nature of the therapy/counselling process and argue why the material lends itself to theoretical exploration in a research thesis. ‘ It is often appropriate to give a historical perspective to research in the area. Over the past 100 years who have been  the major players in investigating the area? Has the focus of research shifted? What have been the important historical  milestones in opening new perspectives or research  approaches? How does the approach you will use fit into this (Leedy & Ormrod, 2001; Seidman, 1998)? If you have collected a large amount of background material for this section, you do not need to refer to or describe everything that may be relevant or which you intend to include in the thesis. You only need to provide sufficient material to take care of each of the points just described. Furthermore, the degree of thoroughness with which the contextual background must be presented depends on the level of the degree you are studying for. When doing a PhD you need to show that you are familiar with everything important that has been written in the area. At Honours level, you will not, of course, have the time and resources to do that, but, you do need to take account of all the above requirements on a smaller scale. There are two steps to take to ensure that you have a sufficient background knowledge: ‘ Choose a supervisor who is working in the area and who knows what the core research writing in the area is. ‘ Conduct a literature search using an online database such as PsycInfo which you can access through the University Library’s electronic resources web page. Identify the items which you  want and check to see if they are in the Library or available in full text on one of the other online databases such as PsycArticles or ScienceDirect. If  they are not, you can use the Library’s interlibrary loan facility to order them. Students who are working on a  research area which a staff member is investigating, may be  able to obtain financial assistance towards the cost of this from the staff member’s research grant. You can expect to rework the context section again and again. It is not something you can expect to write out in an organized and systematic fashion at one sitting! This is because, as you think about your topic and refine your research question, you will come to recognize what material has a direct bearing on it, and what material is of limited relevance. For example, as you clarify your thinking, you are likely to discover that you have omitted to define clearly certain concepts which are essential if your research question is to be understood. You are also likely to realize that some of the material which you initially thought was important is only of marginal relevance to the research question and needs to be omitted. You should organize this section carefully, so that you communicate to your reader that you have a clear sense of purpose in setting about your research project (Neuman, 2000, p. 101-103). A mistake that many students make is that they approach this section as if they were writing a discursive essay on the topic. Doing a research project is not a good vehicle for conducting your own personal enquiry into an area that you have not read about and have no conceptual understanding of. In Honours and some directed Masters’ and PhD courses, opportunities to write discursive essays are provided during the specialized papers you will be studying for. If you approach a research proposal like a seminar you will convey this message: â€Å"I am interested in {depression, eating disorders, racism, art therapy, affirmative action etc.}. I do not know much about it and have not yet read much that has been written by psychologists on the issue. However here are a few preliminary thoughts I have about the topic. I hope that somehow during the course of doing this research my ideas will get more organized and I will be able to make some sense of this topic† This, of course, is not a message which will impress the people who will evaluate your finished proposal! Rather you should actively promote your research idea as something important and worthwhile. You should aim to communicate to your reader: â€Å"I have identified something of interest and importance  within the discipline which is worth investigating. I have a good basic knowledge of the literature in this area and  understand the central concepts and theories. I have  sufficient conceptual understanding to provide a basis for a clear research question and for a systematic research  investigation. When I complete the research it will be  something which will contribute to knowledge, have practical value and be worth reading †

Management Team Essay

Many scholars believe that â€Å"there is a strong connection between the growth potential of a venture and the quality of its management team†, (Timmons and Spinelli, 2009). Describe what is meant by â€Å"management team† philosophy and attitude of entrepreneurial ventures that will eventually contribute to business venture growth? From Collins dictionaries the management team is defined as â€Å"a team of managers in charge of direction a company, business, etc. Wikipedia define the management team as â€Å"senior management, executive management, or management team is generally a team of individuals at the highest level of organizational†. For general definition, management team is a set of peoples that come from various function or responsibility that responsible to manage the organization. â€Å"there is a strong connection between the growth potential of a venture and the quality of its management team†, (Timmons and Spinelli, 2009). To relate this statement, I had found some statement from (Krishnan et al. 1997, p. 363). Differences between the top management teams on important dimensions such as backgrounds of managers has more potential to create unique value because it makes the combined organization stronger by offsetting weaknesses in both firms, thereby creating or maintaining a competitive advantage I also refer to www. jeffcobizjournal. com that mentioned about â€Å"a bad manager will make bad decisions, will hurt the morale of the employees and your relationship with customers, you can’t afford to keep them around†. This situation can give impact the organization directly, so it is really importance to have good quality of management team in order to ensure growth potential to organization business. This idea clearly directed the right people for the right jobs its crucial during the selecting the management team in the organization. Cited from the Marriott management philosophy â€Å"’A business succeeds not because it is long established or because it is big, but because there are men and women in it who live it, sleep it, dream it, and build great future plans for it. † Robinson Finkelstein, Hambrick, and Cannella (2009: 3) wrote, â€Å"The small group of people at the top of an organization can dramatically affect organizational outcomes. Becker (1964), training and wages for experiences and skilled managers can be seen as a firm’s investment in human capital, expecting to benefit from higher productivity and added economic value. From this statement we can relate the bad impact of the small group of people to it is because of the individual factor also. Research shows that effective communication in a team is a critical factor determining team performance (Hitt, et al. 2006). Robinson et al. found that an entrepreneurial attitude orientation scale significantly differentiated between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Therefore, it is mentioned that: attitude towards entrepreneurship is a function of the demographic and psychological characteristics and their interaction. Baum, Locke and Smith (2001) reported significant correlations between self-efficacy and venture growth, Douglas and Shepherd (2005) define entrepreneurial capital as the composite of the individual’s entrepreneurial attitudes and abilities. Entrepreneurial attitudes are those toward autonomy, risk, work, income and (other net) perquisites, while entrepreneurial abilities include opportunity recognition, viability screening, and creative problem solving skills. Hofer and Sandberg (Summer 1987), stated there are three factors have a substantial impact on a new venture’s performance. In order of importance, these factors affecting new venture success are (1) the structure of the industry entered, (2) the new venture’s business strategy, and (3) behavioral characteristics of the entrepreneur. My focus will be on the behavioral characteristics of entrepreneur. Sources from K. Axelton, â€Å"Fever Pitch,† Entrepreneur (December 2004), p. 74; N. L. Torres, â€Å"Think Outside the Box,† Entrepreneur (February 2004), pp. 108–111; A. Pennington, â€Å"Una Cassidy,† Entrepreneur (November 2003), p. 24 found four entrepreneurial characteristics are key to a new venture’s success. Successful entrepreneurs have: 1) the ability to identify potential venture opportunities better than most people. 2) a sense of urgency that makes them action oriented, 3) switch the niche, 4) borrow a business model.

Advertising Campaign Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Advertising Campaign - Case Study Example This advertising campaign cost the network about $20 million and was supposed to be one of the best advertising campaigns of the year 2006. The aim of this campaign was to use emotions as the means of attracting new clients and visitors; the campaign implied the use of emotion of experience and not physical experience as the basis for the development of the new global instrument of expanding the range of clients. The use of the core human values as the values which are peculiar of the personnel and the creators of the Sheraton hotels network, and thus provide their visitors with homelike warmth and comfort, has become the central theme of the 15: and 30: second TV spots. The development of the campaign was ruled by the Duo Rene Villar-Rios and Jan Vogel, who had become well-known for the development of successful ad campaigns for Coca-Cola and Nike. The central slogan of the advertising campaign 'we belong' was meant to make people understand they 'belong' to any hotel they decide to visit within the Sheraton network, and as people need to belong, hotels become the means of making people feel at home while in reality they are far away from it. (http://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2006_2nd/Apr06_SheratonCampaign.html) The aim of providing people with all homelike options possible has also been achieved through provision of the clients with 10-minutes free telephone card to call those 'who matter'; Sheraton has also created new Internet site for the promotion of its services online. Now let's analyze this advertising campaign from the viewpoint of how it should look and be conducted with the account of the principal theoretical notions which have been given through lectures. The first interesting aspect to analyze in the advertising campaign is the two way communicative models. It is interesting to note, that this model has been used as the basic one for the creation of the Sheraton's ad campaign. I have come to the conclusion that this model has made this campaign very successful. What is seen here in more detail is that the coded message which appears as a slogan in each TV spot, namely 'we belong', is the coded message which each of those who see it interpret in his (her) own way. However, it is also important to note that interpretation should also be directed, because the consumers of the advertising products should decode the message the way the seller (advertiser wants it), thus it is not a simple process here. (Mittal, 2004) While the message is 'interpreted in different ways', the advertiser should care for these ways to be limited within the desired range. Thus, the message 'we belong' should first of all carry meaning of belonging to the hote l network, becoming its permanent clients and show the way the visitors will be treated during their stay there. This is why the core message here 'you don't just stay there - you belong'. Probably it would sound better is this message were made fuller and used in a wider form, but as the campaign has mostly been aimed at TV channels, thus capturing both visual and hearing attention of people (potential consumers) it is possible to say, that the decoded message has reached the targeted audience, but the message 'we belong' should be very brightly depicted, so that the audience interprets it in the necessary way through additional visual effects. (James & Kover, 1992) In this advertisement the source was the Advertiser, carrying the coded message 'we belon

Shakesepeare English Lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Shakesepeare English Lit - Essay Example Killings, blood, lust and madness is all that surrounds him and yet we are constrained to feel for him. Macbeth surely establishes himself as the darkest character and the blackest villain of literature. Macbeth is the classic flawed Alpha male. Directed by Roman Polanski, the 140 minutes of this version is exciting and fresh. Polanski’s Macbeth is the same account as William Shakespeare’s immortal play about a Scottish warrior whose wife’s desire for power transforms him into a brute and results in his final downfall. Polanski’s Macbeth is imbued with miserable locales and nudity which is generally not a trait of Shakespeare’s plays along with realistically violent murders and brutal blood shedding by the sensational Macbeth. He is intriguingly complex and ambitious. Since the beginning we hear of his great exploits on the battlefield. Finch gives a realistic performance of a one time good man turning into an unreasonable immoral madman. Polanski creates an impressive, harsh landscape. The castle looks as stark as one might imagine. ‘Blood will have blood’ he has taken quite literally. The tragedy with Macbeth is that he is impatient to wait and let things take their course. The hand behind the misery his life is that of his wife, Lady Macbeth. She is aware of her husband’s interior motives and madness and that his husband wants to attain the title of the king. She knows that he will go to any lengths of evilness to attain it. She continuously verbally assaults him about his manhood and in lieu drives away all the kindness from him. Francisca Annis, who has portrayed Lady Macbeth in this film, looks more simpering than sinister. Modernization of Shakespeare has always been a tricky affair. About 50 years ago the audience had greeted Joe Macbeth, the violent and gangster version of Macbeth, by the British director Ken Hughes. Two years back Geoffery Wright gave us his version of Macbeth which is an Australian film. He has dared to take the

The Life in Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Life in Thailand - Essay Example My native country is Thailand, which means â€Å"freedom†, and we call our country â€Å"Prathet Thai†. Buddhism and other religions and beliefs have a great influence on Thai art and way of life. In Thailand, the two main cultures are the ‘court one’ and ‘Ramvong.’ The court one culture is based on Buddhist values with the elements of Hinduism. Ramvong, on the other hand, is a folk culture with traditional songs and dances about the belief in spirits, tales, ceremonies of the agricultural cycle and the cycle of human life. This type of culture also includes crafts like the manufacture of household goods, wood processing, home silk weaving, wickerwork, rattan, and many others. The court culture is represented by Thai classical theater also known as "Khon". The performance is accompanied by traditional Thai music orchestra called "Phi Phat†. Typical Thai architecture is represented by Buddhist monasteries, frescoes in the temples and statu es of the Buddha. The culture in Singapore resembles a mixture of primarily British, Chinese, Indian, and Malay cultures. For a long time, Singapore was a colony of Britain, because of this the European culture got a great prevalence within this land. There are four state languages in Singapore: English, Malay, Chinese (Mandarin), and Tamil. The most interesting and unusual thing about Singaporeans is their obsession with food. Food is the main topic that people discuss during small talks. A lot of festivals, exhibitions, and excursions are devoted to food.

How will the Professional MBA program prepare you for your chosen Scholarship Essay

How will the Professional MBA program prepare you for your chosen career path - Scholarship Essay Example roduce me to a broad spectrum of opportunities such as pursuing of an entrepreneurial route, progress for my business, handling new and challenging responsibilities and utilizing others such as marketing where my desire lies. This would ensure I achieve a wide array of knowledge base, insights and boost my poise to operate successfully in all environments. Most business executives in the corporate world with MBA degrees are embellished with high levels of responsibility and seniority within their job description. Coupled with my degree in criminal justice, the MBA degree will guarantee flexibility and fluidity in changing of career paths in order to exploit new opportunities hitherto underutilized. It will also to appreciate the complexities involved in business, bolster the practice of law and initiate conversance with the laws governing commerce. This diversity will put me up to date with the goings on in the world of business hence better decision making when it comes to issues of

Blood Pressure Woes and Which Electrolyte Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blood Pressure Woes and Which Electrolyte - Essay Example Therefore, George tested positive for chronic renal failure. The red blood cells are abnormally low. Normal red blood cells (RBC) in men should be between 4.7 and 6.1 million cells/mcl. This sample had a low count of 3.8million cells/mcl which is below ordinary level. There is probability that some red blood cells have been discharged with the urine. Also, regular hemoglobin count in male is between13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL. The count of 11.0 gm/dl is lower than normal and could be as a result of excessive loss of water due to frequent urination. The usual Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in a human body is around 90ml/min but in George’s case it was 45ml/min which is low. Protein which is supposed to be 80mg/dl per day is abnormally high (3g/24hr), which is a characteristic of high blood pressure. The operational nephrons in the body determine the level of filtration that takes place in the kidney hence influencing the level of GFR. Considering the level of GFR has dropped from a usual average of 90 to current 45ml/min, the percent of nephron decline is 45/90 of one hundred. This depicts a decline of 50% of the nephrons. At the end phase of kidney failure, the level of GFR goes down to 15 or extreme of zero ml/min. Also, the rate of urination declines to almost zero and all nephrons becomes nonfunctional hence the patient may have to undergo kidney transplant. George should manage sugar in the blood, and reduce level of blood pressure. For example, this can be achieved avoiding smoking and taking physical exercise regularly. This condition can be healed if George implements doctor’s advice and avoid taking food which is rich in cholesterol. Congestive heart failure is a condition where the rate of the heart beat is lower than usual. This condition may result to insufficient â€Å"oxygen and nutrients† in the body. Consequently, the kidney may react by withholding body fluid and salt resulting to clogging of

The wealth and poverty of nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The wealth and poverty of nations - Essay Example The treaty was signed in the mid-1990s, and is generally considered to be a big success. Treaty of Versailles This was the treaty that ended the First World War. It imposed the costs of the war on Germany. Some believe that the punitive nature of the treaty led to the Second World War. Hitler was able to exploit the negative effects of the treaty on Germans in order to come to power. The rest is history. Scramble for Africa This occurred at the end of the 1800s. At the time, much of Africa was undiscovered by Europeans. European nations wanted colonies and they sought to grab as much African land as they could. Sometimes this was done through negotiations and sometimes through violence. Great Depression This was a terrible time in world history. It occurred in 1929, when the stock market crashed. It led to widespread job losses around the world and rapid inflation. The problems caused by the Great Depression were only really resolved with the coming of World War II and the greater pr oductivity engendered by this conflict. Landes' view of winners and loser According to Landes, some countries have won the jackpot and others have not. So many factors effect the distribution of wealth and resources around the world. Some of these are based on climate. Others on cultural issues.

Hong Kong Essay Example for Free

Hong Kong Essay The Pearl of Asia or the popularly known as Hong Kong is a dynamic metropolis steeped in unique blend of East and West. Hong Kong is also my hometown I am proud of. Since childhood, the most beautiful sight I even seen is the stunning view of Hong Kong. Apart from that, every spectacular image has its own stories, history, culture, and memories that represent this amazing city. Hong Kong is also astonishing for many reasons. One is the famous Victorian Harbor. The Victorian Harbor always caught my attention and my appreciation because of its unique beauty every time I pass along. Victorian Harbor is eye-catching by the glamorous beauty of the lights especially at night. It is actually separated into two sides of Hong Kong Island. When gazing it, I do it intently from one side to another. On the West side, the view of the tier of high raised neighborhood occupied by thousands of families is visible. It is followed by blocks of vintage colonial era architecture which dates back 150 years ago. It is further packed with more tall buildings. The array of glasses, steel and marble-clad edifices are highly condensed in different color layer ranging from the harbor up to the peak. On the other edge of the harbor, there are many high-end and high-rise apartments facing to the direction of Pacific Ocean. Another unforgettable experience is also the refreshing walk along the Avenue of Stars. The Avenue of Stars is a long road which allows every passerby to experience the panoramic views of the popular Victoria Harbor and the memorable Hong Kong skyline. Upon looking in depth at the opposite harbor, various famous architectural works which signifies about Hong Kong excites me. In addition, there are also modern buildings which signify the economic prowess of the city which includes the Two International Finance Centre, Exchange Square, Home to the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, HSBC Main Building, and others. Furthermore, there are also buildings built entirely of structural steel without any reinforced concrete in the inner core. The Convention and Exhibition Center which has been built in the concept of Feng Sui with its sweeping sails roof and vast glass windows proves the respect to the culture. These buildings are the proof of the adherence of the city to traditions, culture, quality a nd modernity. Other than the significant buildings, the details of stunning lights along every blocks and street makes the night livelier, more brilliant, and meaningful. Numerous logos of well-known brands are also apparent on top of buildings. Colored neon light signs also hang on every shop which increases brightness of the entire streets. Every block of apartment is also decorated with its own style. These elements, when added together, form the unique culture of fantastic international city. By looking at the brilliant harbor, views of old and new buildings which live side-by-side, colonial buildings, and glass-and-steel skyscrapers, along with its ancient Chinese traditions and lively local culture can clearly be seen. Through the amazing and scenic views I have witnessed and experienced, I became more proud of my citizenship and being part of this attractive land. The above elements and the unique fusion of Western and Eastern culture are the factors that made Hong Kong apart from the rest of Asia. The views I have witnessed will absolutely be remembered in my memories and will forever be painted in my heart.

Depression Essay Example for Free

Depression Essay While similar, unipolar depression and bipolar disorder cause different struggles in individuals who have them. Unipolar depression is characterized only by bouts of depression symptoms, while people with bipolar disorder experience the same symptoms in combination with cycles of mania. There are many biological and psychological theories of the causes of unipolar depression, but bipolar disorder has for the most part been studied biologically. Finally, unipolar depression can be treated with medication, therapy, or a combination of both, but bipolar disorder cannot be successfully be treated with psychotherapy alone. Unipolar depression has many possible underlying causes. First, stressful events often occur before an individual experiences unipolar depression. Biological factors include genetics, biochemical factors, brain anatomy, and brain circuits. Upon examination of the family tree of individuals who suffer from unipolar disorder, researchers found that up to 20% of their family struggled with it as well in comparison to 10% of the general population, showing a genetic relationship. Twin studies have shown a 46% incidence of unipolar depression in an identical twin whose sibling suffered from unipolar depression, and only a 20% incidence in fraternal twins, and several genes have been associated with the occurrence of the disorder. The first biochemical factor playing a part in unipolar depression is low activity of the neurotransmitter chemicals norepinephrine and serotonin. Overproduction of the hormone cortisol, normally produced during stressful situations, has also been linked to unipolar depression, along with some tentative theories about chemical deficiencies within neurons. The brain anatomy factors beginning to be seen as influencing unipolar depression are the dysfunction of brain circuits involving the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and Brodmann Area 25. First of the psychological factors influencing unipolar depression is that influenced by Freud and Abraham: it occurs when relationships leave an individual feeling unsafe and insecure. Next, the dwindling of positive rewards in life may reduce constructive behaviors, causing a circle that may be a factor in unipolar depression. Third, viewing events in negative ways may lead to having this disorder. Finally, gender, cultural, and ethnic background may also play a part in the development of unipolar depression. Much of the research into the causes for bipolar disorder is biological. Low serotonin combined with low norepinephrine is thought to cause unipolar depression, but low serotonin and norepinephrine over activity has been linked to bipolar disorder. Transportation of ions in the brain happening too quickly and slowly is theorized to cause depression and mania, and abnormal brain structures such as a small basal ganglia or cerebellum has been connected to bipolar disorder. Finally, family pedigree and genetic linkage studies have shown a relationship between genetics and a predisposition to developing bipolar disorder. Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder are both mood disorders, however individuals suffering from them exhibit different symptoms. Unipolar depression is when an individual only suffers from depression, and they return to a nearly normal mood when it lifts. Symptoms can range from moderate to severe, although the moderate symptoms may still not allow the individual to experience much pleasure. Crying spells often result from unipolar depression because of the feelings of being miserable, empty, and humiliated. Sense of humor reduces and it becomes difficult to experience pleasure, sometimes becoming incapable of experiencing pleasure at all. Unipolar depression can also cause anxiety, anger, and agitation. Motivational symptoms include lack of desire to complete everyday tasks, and a reduced interest in life and desire to commit suicide are common. Depressed people may additionally become less active and productive, stay in bed, speak more slowly, spend more time alone, and hold extremely negative views of themselves. Unipolar depression can cause physical symptoms, the most common being a reduction of appetite and sleep. Those with bipolar disorder experience the same symptoms as unipolar depression during their depressive periods, but also experience manic periods bring a whole new set of symptoms. The first symptom of mania is having feelings that are not proportional to the triggering event. Next, manic episodes bring about a need for excitement. Many projects may get started with little of them finished, and there is no awareness of the overwhelming nature of social style. Behavior during a manic episode often involves quick movements, loud speech, and odd behavior such as giving money to strangers or getting involved in dangerous activities. Finally, mania also causes poor judgment and planning, inflated self-esteem, and extreme energy. Biological treatments for unipolar depression include electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, antidepressant drugs, and brain stimulation. ECT delivers volts of electricity through the brain, causing brain seizures that can be therapeutic. MAO inhibitors are an example of antidepressant drugs used to treat unipolar depression; they block the breakdown of norepinephrine, increasing its activity and reducing symptoms. Tricyclics block the neuron reuptake process, increasing neurotransmitter activity, and SSRI’s can increase serotonin and norepinephrine activity. Vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation are all brain stimulation techniques also used to treat unipolar depression. Psychodynamic treatments for unipolar depression include various methods of free association, and behavior treatments add pleasurable activities to a client’s life, rewards pleasurable events, and trains clients in social skills. Cognitive treatment is a cognitive-behavioral therapy, using behavioral methods in combination with trying to change negative thinking. Finally, sociocultural treatments include interpersonal therapy, couple therapy, and cultural-sensitive approaches. Treatment for bipolar disorder includes the use of lithium, other mood stabilizers, and adjunctive psychotherapy. Lithium and other mood stabilizers are more effective in treating manic episodes, though they also treat depressive episodes. However, exactly how they work is not fully known. Antidepressants can be used in combination with the mood stabilizers, but there is â€Å"an unfavorable cost/benefit ratio for antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression† when used alone. (S, Rosenquist, Ko, Baldassano, 2004). Psychotherapy is used in addition to mood stabilizing medication to increase the likelihood of their success, but it is rarely effective as a treatment on its own. In conclusion, bipolar disorder is like an extended version of unipolar depression, as those with bipolar disorder experience depressive symptoms in addition to their episodes of manic symptoms. There is not one blanket cause for either disorder; rather each individual case must be evaluated separately and receive its own treatment plan. Unipolar depression has more treatment options because therapy or medication is not always required, but a combination of medication and therapy is usually most successful in treating both bipolar disorder and unipolar depression.

Supply side factors disadvantages of girls in education

Supply side factors disadvantages of girls in education Introduction In my paper for writing assignment on drop out, supply side and demand side are really the influent factors for concerned problem over the field of basic education regarding to higher drop -out rate of poor students. This problem has been the focus of generation to generation particularly the education problem for dropping out in Cambodia. And the key factors are supply and demand side for poor students to access school. To make clear finding, explanation and discussion over the demand side and supply side, some ideas should be highlighted according to document and survey books provided online by Thomas Zimmermann, and I would like to raise some indicated suggestion or recommend from research found on how the government can reduce problem on drop out. It is the latter, of course, that is important for committing the appropriate policies to close education gender gaps. Reasonable assessment in this or same frameworks (Alderman King, 1998; Rosenzweig Schultz, 1982) can indicate why investments in girls human capital are often lower than boys. On the other factors to be the same for both sexes, daughters will get less schooling than sons if the remittance rate is higher out of sons wealth, if the marginal returns to schooling in the labor market are everywhere higher for boys than girls. Effective interconnection networking enables quality of higher education. We recommended that all the various-described above is going to determine the term quality in higher education. These dimensions are going to be measured in the after stages for seeing if Cambodian Higher Education replies to all the different-depicted in the literature. According to the term quality, interrelationship between both teacher and students can deal the problems shown in how well learners learn and how careful ways that teachers can take note on the progressively learning of students, moreover students can feel comfortable in accessing learning which requires quality in education. Chickering and Gamson (1987) conclude that socialize with others increase close growth in learning. Some concerns over the learning process are that students in higher education more often complaint over the problems they face which it is hard to be solved if teachers do not try to facilitate the matter after class. Teachers are the real compromisers and they are also the agents in pushing students learning performs better. According to Lehmkuhle is notified and have expressed in Massys (2003) research providing experiences to educational institutions more frequently deliver developing ideas to construct quality. As for cooperation as well as vision, skillful and expertise teachers could also enhance the quality in learning and experience. And, empirical studies will be found through among skillful and expertise group of teachers, Finding Supply side and demand side may cause in disadvantages of girls in education Distance is also included with expenditure that will be an adherence for students access and dropout, who both of the components cannot give more opportunity for students to go to school and it keeps students to face the household. Parents will find fewer benefits from their children when they send children to school due to the payment and earning is not found equally which family may face the low income. So spending on the distance for children to school has the alternative choice that is enormously cost for low income family not to send children to school. This factor may be noticeable which distances to schools in country areas are highly scarce. On the other factors finance-increasing for school can be what is going on for rural family to manage and control spending on the study material and to attain the sustainable educational access for their children, poverty leads to child labor which is other factors that keep students late to start school with workload, late entry, geography, ethnicity is subsided effectively influent on the girls education (Government of Cambodia, 1996 to 2006, p 7-13). Gender differences in response to policy change Gender varieties in dealing with guideline can also be increased from diversities in schooling cost functions. What is needed is for the marginal costs of schooling to be on rise at noticeable price for girls and boys. If families are valued and thus have to support education through cutting out in other first period expenditures, noticeable costs may high via abolished marginal use of consumption, which causes the value of forgone utility to rise at the margin as schooling earn more focus and expectation falls. Further, fees and other direct school costs are usually mainly greater at higher levels of schooling and often necessary because state education nominally free in many countries. As stated in Gender and education for all: The leap to equality, gender parity and gender equality in education give unexpected future needs (UNESCO 2003). Parity is succeeded when boys and girls have the equal access in school-link to their schooling age allowance-accept the systematized providing education, reach the future education quality, and make more progress in spiracle studies (UNESCO 2003). Achieving parity is crucial for getting quality in education, insufficiently, for equality requirement could be regarded as first stage of development towards equality of education in balancing gender (Subrahmanian n.d.). Equity is the method of giving equal footing to girls and boys. To keep balance of righteousness, methodology must be free for giving inequity that keeps girls and boys from joining on a level in education. Equity can be slightly meant for other reasons could deliver other occasions for students obtaining the successful results. On the other aspects raised a tendency for gender that varies in policies causing school expenditure together with quality to be important in education. Gender gap also crucial that motivate and provide girls with follow up when they are absent and particularly focus on to balance the gender gap in education. Mother should have enough time to take care and send their daughters to school with the sufficient providing income from the family master. Aspects of school quality/environment that is different for girls and boys In most countries the mount of boy enrolment is a bit higher than girl that make less doubtful observation, and the amount of female teachers in school is lack that is the problem leads to inequality in girl education. A key factor (Glick, 2006) is that workforce attention and job opportunity is far-reaching for girls than boys, who wish to join full time over their high level learning years. In the other social aspects, the average of the daughters will have fewer years in pursuing their full-time in work force than will sons. Even where, for more remarkable issue is the unfair teachers value especially girls are the target and can be the victims of sex due to interaction between male teachers or students and the other social fearful factors that give them less chance for education. In Egypt, dropping out rate of girl education grades 6-8 is connected with poor school learning quality in a many of scales, when having few relation for boys (Lloyd,El Tawila, Clark, Mensch, 2003). Parents become scared of sending daughters to school due to poverty, distance, inequality of school learning program for other reasons girls can help do more household and take care of sick family member (Esther Velasco, 2001). Marriage also disrupts girls to marry at the young age for earning support from husband than depending only on the family master, the old-fashion ideas girls after marriage they cannot avoid being around the kitchen and take care of children at home. Thats why this concern gives less expected motivation and encouragement to struggle for their daughters future education. If compare with boys education, boys seem to have freely-social benefits of restriction and going out with friends more favorable than girls. Attaining parity in registration contains a specific skill and is basic to gender equality. Otherwise, paying attention on access as the first issue for girls can be carelessly thought of the essential for both quality and gender, with the wrong consideration that what needs should be provided to students in the classroom and what the differences should be balanced between girls and boys. Some of the more attractive incentive is to provide beneficial registration, such as giving food and finance to support the living condition of parents and they are to send their children to school, diagnose only, not the basic effects of inequality. To ensure the equal quality in learning to learners, A USAID-auspicious program in Mali, for example, earn more education demand in quality and equality of education are complicatedly connected (UNESCO 2004). Poor or mistreated children, who seem to have low educated parents will face less chance to get and join learning at home, are more reliant on teachers center than are students center. As noticed, the lack of clearly explained lesson will often make the most mistreated children leave school unreasonably. Research has indicated that girls are willing to be responsible for quality learning than boys and they need the quality in teachers. Equal right to education Boys and girls need to have equal right for education according to the norms of society and research found that school learning program will give more understanding in social work and also provide the balance of gender in developing interconnection between boys and girls in uniting the human being society. Increasing the education levels for girls is frequently supposed as an prioritized factor for rehabilitant countries (World Bank 2001, Schultz 2002).Education should be conducted with gender equivalence to reflect the thoughtful equality in the learning process and help the girl have life skill to make a living and girls tend to work and learn better if the chore is less burdened (DeJaeghere, 2004). School access is the chance for boys and girls to compare their innate talent through having systematized and out of systematized education with exchanging programs from school curriculum and give them the same training to learn and know about gender prejudice. Teachers should be traine d more on the gender education to measure the literacy rate. Teachers should be aware of a particular interest on the girls education especially give them technical learning method and enthusiasm in learning environment by doing more research than boys and connect the theory learned to the real practice. To make sure, girls and boys obtain the balance attraction and involvement in learning opportunity. Disability can be the problem for students enrolment In developing countries, school access is hard to be found for some disable students which is set out of school enrolment due to their disability that may be the concern of other influent sides in learning with other students and they should be more over paid attention by the inclusive school in providing quality in education. Now teacher become realized and found the same quality in learning between disable students, however, parent feel less positive with their childrens learning as they just pay attention only on the appearance, after they feed and educate their disable children they can see very diverse result of talent, adversity and trails of how their children learn if they can keep eye on from their children innate ability. Cambodia government plan on influent reduction in girl education Campaign Noticeable point over the girl influent reduction campaign in girl education, there is still contrasting policy in which girls in some countries take much longer time to work somehow in far-reaching world in local work. Otherwise, studies on the girl education are prevented owing to their work chore. According to the government campaign on influent reduction has many practical strategies to provide the girls access in school learning program by creating a local communities to disseminate about the benefits on the girls education to low-educated parents, build more schools in living communities to ease the distance between where the girls work and live, provide more expected labor market equally to girls future jobs, control the registration of girls in school which socially isolated group should be aware of and increase the salary for labor market in the future, decrease the payment for girls attention at school (Glick, 2002). Labor market policies should be well-explained to enlighten some parents who expect the future labor market of girl education would be lower than boy education because of working time that can misunderstand parents in doing business with girl education. Result Balancing results occur when the situation of boys and girls, having access to goods and resources, and having ability to share to, join, and credit from economic, social, cultural, and political activities are the same. This refers to job opportunities, the time needed to secure hiring after leaving full-time education, and the profit of girls and boys with the same qualifications and experience are equivalent. The four dimensions of gender, equality, rights and labor market are related, but that relationship is complicated and not highlighted linear. Parity in registration and scarce gender equality in schooling can, and often do, have at the same time with inequalities outside of systematized education. Of course, several explorers have identified that educational success for girls does not automatically change into higher economic status or seldom political attention as adults (SERNAM 2004). Meanwhile, developing opportunities for girls in the labor market can give them the financial means to access their children to school. Attaining equality after learners complete their studies and enter the labor market requires interventions that go over the education management. . Conclusion Even though important learning conducted on concerning methodology with existing research, several policies can be known in the education with benefits of sending girls to school. All the above finding gives enough evidence to conclude girls education of being prohibited more than boys by the distance to school, low future job income, high payment on school, lack of nearby schools, no communities or media to educate low-educated parents on girls schooling. The investment on the girls upgraded the future possibility of schools are therefore seem to be the negative benefit of girls attention and achievement, moreover such a policy cannot be the clear aim of girls. And more often it can be set as that girls schooling is more seriously thought than boys in exchanging the school cost and avoid ethnic prejudice. In this case is more frequently found demand side and supply side the real hindrance for education of girls. There still have some other suggestion that the demand for girls education is more burdened than boys to develop in school quality, equal right, environment and gender difference to obtain fully-natural talent through education policy which may have gender tendency even on girls schooling access. Quality, dropout, and other attainment can be notified success of an education policy to maintain the equal right and access for both boys and girls to reflect inequity gender in education. As the Gender Equality in Education only noticed that, solving problem campaign of reduction in girl education is not enough to provide boys and girls the same opportunity and benefit from their education. Sending children to school is providing them the future wealth and job with related, high quality education for all.

Directing Macbeth Essay -- Drama

Directing Macbeth SCENE 1 It begins in a smoky hall; dark lighting and shadows are all you can see. A CD player is going at full volume in the background. We sweep across the dirty floor until a lead guitar, (not expensive but very well used), lays at the feet of a handsome young boy of about 16. He has thick black hair, just covering his striking blue eyes and perfect skin. We spread out a bit and see Macbeth's best friend, Banquo's shadowy face. Ginger curly hair shows up in the near darkness under his blue fisherman's hat. A BCU on Banquo's face shows us that he has bright green eyes. In these eyes, we see the doorframe and a shard of light as the door opens. We spin round as light and noise of the cars outside streams in. Another group walk in past the other three people sitting on the floor with Macbeth. This is the first time we have seen these people, two other boys and one girl all about the same age. This girl is Lady Macbeth. She is wearing a red tight top and a lot of make-up. The red top is to show the blood that she will shed and the make-up is to show the mask that she puts on later in the film. We have a view of the other group's legs and as they walk past, Macbeth's group looks jealous and cruel. The cd is turned off and Macbeth and Banquo scowl at each other, they are jealous of the other bands good favour with the record manager. There was another band here before and their record deal is called King. The lead guitarist is called Duncan. A white piece of fabric is pulled out of the still open door, as if on a dress. Macbeth's face is still in this shot, in the foreground but very much out of focus. Children's laughter is heard and Macbeth turns his head just as the door slams shut. We now speed through the smoke to a clipboard on a desk between two pairs of suited shoulders. Here is written "Thaine of Glamis" with Macbeth's name written on it and a paragraph of writing, Thaine of Cawdor with Freddie written next to it and also a paragraph of writing. At the very top of the page "King" is written with "Duncan" next to it. We now focus on the face of one of the two pairs of shoulders. He is beaming at the band who are playing and as they finish, he goes up to the lead singer and embraces him. He is large and fat with a bald spot on the back of his head. The other pair of shoulders is his secretary ... ...s side, unnoticed. Banquo laughs at him with the other two witches, goes to his side and starts his speech "good sir why do you start and seem to fear, things that do sound so fair," to Macbeth. Banquo thinks that this is a game, some thing made up by these young children and he starts to play along, "that he seems rapt withal- to me you speak not." He continues in this way, egging Macbeth on, while the witches group together again. Macbeth is standing alone by himself. The witches hold hands in a circle around Banquo and skip. They say these last few lines in the same tune from "Ring'a'ring'roses" they turn to run away after this but Macbeth says "stay you imperfect speakers" all the way to "Speak I Charge you". They all sing ring a ring a roses (the original words) while standing in the places they stopped, spread out on the green distant girls laughter comes and goes. At "they all fall DOWN" we have a close up of the main witches eyes then of Macbeth' eyes then of the main witch, when "Down" is shouted the witches suddenly vanish leaving the boys back in the roadside and the noise of the cars and guitar bass again is Deafening. We zoom right out matrix style.

Homelessness in Public Schools Essay -- Education

In the United States nationwide public schools are faced with dilemmas. The choices schools make has to be effective, serve the students, and have the best outcome. Well known problems such as bullying, special educational needs, budget cuts, new standards, and job cuts. Some of the problems are well known to the public while other problems are left in the background. According to the National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth (NAEHCY) reported that the U.S. Department of Education collected data stating â€Å"during the 2008-2009 school year that 954,914 homeless children and youth were enrolled in public schools.† This problem affects the child socially, mentally, and most importantly academically. The National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth (NAEHCY) defines Homelessness â€Å"is a lack of permanent housing resulting from extreme poverty and/or unsafe or unstable living environments† (NAEHCY, 2011, p. 2). In the year 2004, it was required that all states were to report to CSPR (Consolidated State Performance Report) of data collected of children and youth enrolled in any educational services (Bowman, Dukes, Moore, 2012, p. 6). The table presented below shows reports the school years of 2004-2010. Number of Homeless Students Reported by States in the CSPR 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 655,591 906,680* 679,724 794,617 956,914 939,903 The National Center on Family Homelessness (NCFH) conducted research and collected data and found during a three year research of CSPR reports. (Bowman. ET al.’s, 2012). In the school years 2006-2009 â€Å"41% increase in the number of homeless student enrolled in schools across the nation† (Bowman... ...2). Summary of the state of research: On the relationship between homelessness and academic achievement among school-aged children and youth (ED-04-CO-0056/0002). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Education website: http://www.serve.org/nche Carter. Samuel, C. (2000). No excuses; lessons from 21 high performing high poverty schools. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation. Murphy.Joseph, F. & Tobin.Kerri, J. (2011, November). Homelessness comes to school. How homeless children and youths can succeed, 93(3), 32-37. Retrieved from http://kappanmagazine.org National Assocation for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth. (2011). Facts about homeless education. Retrieved from http;//naehcy.org/facts.html W&B School of Education. (2012). History of the mckinney act. Retrieved from http://education.wm.edu/centers/hope/resources/mckinneyact/index.php

English Coursework †Othello Essay

How does Shakespeare conclude the dramatic performance of Othello in order to address the questions of blame and justice in the tragedy? Introduction Shakespeare’s play Othello, which was first performed in the early 17th century, depicts sexism, racism and status efficiently, as the play continues these forms of inequality change as a result of the chaos in ‘Order-Chaos-Order’; the structure which Shakespeare used in this play to convey the change that occurs between each order. The consequence of the chaos leads to the modification of the relative status of the characters and causes an effect upon the way blame and justice are applied to the individuals. One of the main characters of the play is Othello; his importance in the play is that he is a general of the powerful city Venice â€Å"The Duke does greet you, General†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I.2 page 59. The introduction of him puts an impact on his reputation because it begins with racist comments, told by three characters: Iago â€Å"his Moorship’s Ancient.† I.1 page 53, Brabantio â€Å"It is too true and evil†¦with the Moor† I.1 page 57 and Roderigo â€Å"†¦full fortune does the thick-lips owe† I.1 page 53. Though his reputation gets affected by these comments, his status shows him as a person worth respect. His true characteristics, that were described later on, interacted with his introduction â€Å"†¦my perfect soul†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I.2 page 65, another showed that he was a truthful and non-civilised character â€Å"Rude am I in my speech†¦blessed with the soft praise of peace† I.3 page 65, this goes against the elements that are needed for a person to be a general. Audience could understand that Othello is not really someone who can control, but someone who can be controlled because of these characteristics, which may lead to the tragedy. Iago does not have much of importance at the beginning because he is known to be the ensign of the army; despite this his role in the overall play makes him an important character. He was the only character who knew about everything that was going on amongst the other characters; this gave him the opportunity to control them. Also interpreted the appearance of the roman god Janus â€Å"By Janus, I think no† I.2 page 59, the key to begin the tragedy. His true identity is disguised therefore the trust of other characters are gained â€Å"†¦Honest Iago† II.3 page 99. Iago takes advantage of Othello’s true character and is able to control him by confusing him â€Å"What dost thou mean?† III.3 page 110, this influences the change in Othello’s character turning against the people he once loved and trusting Iago who does not deserve it. Desdemona does not generally have importance in the play but her appearance and characteristics relate to the tragedy and links with the actions and motives of Othello â€Å"I’ll not expostulate with her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 139 and Iago â€Å"Now, I do love her too; not out of absolute lust†¦Ã¢â‚¬  II.1 page 87. Her status began with her father Brabantio, who was a rich representative in Venice. As black men were generally considered of a low status in the 17th century, racism was not thought to be a problem; if a woman was to marry a black man then it would lower her status. The same way when Desdemona married Othello she was no more under the shadow of her father she became low in status â€Å"†¦ here’s my husband†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I.3 page 69. The mention of this made Brabantio say a curse to Othello which does put an effect to lead towards tragedy â€Å"†¦She has deceived her father, and may thee†I.3 page 72. By Iago using his ability to control he diverts Othello’s thought about Desdemona, he does this by creating a false story about an affair between Cassio and her, this lead to Othello thinking about killing Desdemona â€Å"Get me some poison†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 139, Iago was able to convince him of killing her in a different way â€Å"†¦strangle her in her bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 139, this will affect Othello’s title and his personality. Iago was always against women, known to be a misogynist â€Å"It is a creature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.1 page 135. While altering Othello’s thoughts he had made him think almost in the same way is well, this brings sexism in the play â€Å"She says enough; yet she’s a simple bawd†¦Ã¢â‚¬  IV.2 page 144 (all of Othello’s speech). The same as racism, sexism was not considered as a problem during the 17th century. Sexism is mentioned towards the end of Act IV, because it is the last step to begin the tragedy. Act V starts off with a small battle between Cassio, who was the lieutenant of Venice and Roderigo, who was not accepted as a lover by Desdemona. Roderigo had died after being betrayed by Iago ‘he stabs Roderigo’ V.1 page 160 and mentioned his true character in front of everyone else who was present â€Å"O damned Iago! O inhuman dog!† V.1 page 160, as Iago cunningly speeded up the scene the last words of Roderigo was left unnoticed â€Å"How silent is this town! Ho, murder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.1 page 160, the tragedy has just begun, if Iago was to be unmasked at this stage the play would end sooner than it should. To continue on for a while longer this action of Iago was established. Bianca was known to be a sexual partner of Cassio, sexism becomes worse at the end of Act V Scene 1; not only did Iago blame her for Cassio’s injuries â€Å"†¦the fruit of whoring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.1 page 163 but Emilia did is well â€Å"O, fie upon thee strumpet!† V.1 page 163. Othello turns back to his normal character during the beginning of scene 2, this is shown by his words making sense, also describing how his motive has changed, he will only kill her to purify her soul, â€Å"†¦Justice to break her sword†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.2 page 164. By this, we know that Othello is not completely under the control of Iago, this decision was his own decision. Once the conversation between Desdemona and him occurs he shows signs of epilepsy â€Å"why gnaw you so your nether lip?† V.2 page 165. When he committed the crime he was not thinking straight, he killed her in a very non-masculine way ‘He smothers her’ V.2 page 168, not being able to see or touch her shows that he needed to do it rather than wanting to do it. Using this method does not tend to kill the victim but may make them unconscious, men tend to kill very violently and make sure that their victim is dead, Othello was not able to succeed in either way therefore he lost his masculinity â€Å"Nobody- I myself – farewell.† V.2 page 170 Desdemona killed herself. The tragedy has reached its centre; Iago is now brought to justice. The only character who was able to unmask Iago successfully was his own wife Emilia. She understood how her husband had lied about Cassio and Desdemona, which lead to her death. â€Å"You told a lie, an odious damnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d lie† V.2 page 172. Despite all effort on calming Emilia down, Iago failed and Othello realised who the real culprit was â€Å"Zounds, hold your peace† V.2 page 174. Iago’s identity is unravelled in front of everyone and he escapes with committing a surprise attack on his wife Emilia ‘Iago stabs Emilia from behind’ V.2 page 175, this describes him as an inhuman person who gives no mercy, whereas Othello let his wife say her last words before she died â€Å"†¦thou be’st a devil†¦I bleed, sir, but not killed† V.2 page 177. Now that Iago has finally been unmasked he was claimed that he would not mention why he did this to anyone, loosing hi s power of speech which he had, to control everyone â€Å"†¦I will never speak a word† V.2 page 178. Shakespeare’s last form of structure (order) had to happen. Othello’s job has been taken away â€Å"†¦Your power and command is taken off†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.2 page 179, the last of what he had, it was taken away because of the murder which he had committed â€Å"†¦damned slave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V.2 page 179. Before he dies he mentions what he wants people to think of him â€Å"one that loved too wisely†¦Indian threw a pearl away† V.2 page 179. Othello had lost his body because of Iago controlling it, his title which he just lost and his perfect soul because he just killed an innocent person whom he loved, making Othello into nothing therefore he deserved to die. Conclusion Three main characters were shown and how they were different compared to each other in the play. How the chaos can change their status was also mentioned. Racism, Sexism and Status have been mentioned to show how the story gradually leads to the tragedy. During the chaos the features of each character is affected, causing both Othello and Desdemona to lose their existence and Iago to lose his power of speech, leading him towards justice. Towards the end of the play Othello did not have the same high status as he had when he was at the beginning because he had lost everything he had; this means that he is the one who is to blame for the tragedy. â€Å"My parts, my title, and my perfect soul shall manifest me rightly† I.2 page 59. Lodovico is known to be the most important because he is the last character to speak towards the end of the play; he was the only character who was not affected by Iago at all.

Effects on students having relationship while studying Essay

â€Å"A true relationship is someone who accepts your past, supports your present, loves you and encourages your future.† This research discuss about the effects on students having a relationship or affair to opposite sex while studying. This research will figure out many effects that may lead to a positive or negative outcome that is useful to the students themselves. According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, relationship is a romantic or sexual relationship between two people. A lot of students nowadays get involved to many kind of relationship. Somehow students are getting careless on making decisions on this topic. Due to immaturity and lack of guidance this may result to some negative and positive outcomes. Negative outcomes may be in a form in which students will get unfocused to their studies or even worst may lead to teenage pregnancy. On the brighter side, positive outcome may be in a form of serving as a inspiration and boost students determination to focus on their students to get high marks in school. It may also teach students on how to be responsible, patient and be mature on decisions they make. Thesis Statement: I believe that the effects on students having a relationship or commitment will lead to negative outcomes. 1.1OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This research paper aims to: 1.Determine the effects on students having a relationship or affair on opposite sex while studying. 2. Know how far the patience of the students on their relationship is. 3. Determine how guided the students are when it comes to this issue. 4. Know the key on how to manage between studies and relationship. 1.2HYPOTHESIS Having a commitment or relationship while studying may result on students to get unfocused to their studies. 1.3RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.Why did you decide to get involved in a commitment or relationship? 2Is having a love quarrel before taking examination affect your score? 3Does having a relationship can affect your studies? 4Does your parent know that you’re in a relationship? If so, what is their way on guiding you? 5If you we to choose between boyfriend/girlfriend and studies, what will you choose? Why? 5.1SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY There are 3 groups of people that would benefit this research. First are the students who are in a relationship, especially those who are studying at the University of San Augustine, Iloilo, because this research will help them to determine what are the effects of having a relationship to their studies. Second are the teachers, because they will know that this issue takes a big part or serves as a big factor that student get low marks at school. And for them also to be aware and to be open minded to this issue. And last, to all the parents because this research also reveals the part of the students. By this research, parents will know the thoughts of their children getting involved to this matter and to guide their children in a good and pleasing way. 5.2NEEDS OF THE STUDY We all know for a fact that teenager get involved more often to relationship than adults. It is also a reality that students get involved to negative result due to their carelessness on this issue. Tackling about this issue may contribute a lot for the students who are in a relationship in order for them to realize many things. It also each or reveal many unfold thoughts of the students. The reason why they get in a relationship and how would this effect not only their personal life but also their studies. And how their parents and the people around tem guide or influence them regarding this issue. This topic is needed in 2 important places. 1st at the school, here the students get a lot of influence. It is where carelessness on student’s decision takes place. This research will unfold the rate of influence in every student. This research will also tell you the effects on the people around you when you decide on your relationship to someone. This will show how a love quarrel will will affect your relationship to your classmate or friends. 2nd is at home, where it all started. This research is needed to hear the voice of the students on every problem they face at home. This will  answer many why’s of the topic. Like, why students get involved to this issue? Or why does student find a feeling of love and belonging to other people?

Manging theories and globalization Essay

Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss whether general administrative theories are relevant to managing modern global organisations. It shall be argued that general administrative theories are a basic outline for managers in modern global organisations to refer to, rather than a guide that should be strictly followed while ignoring circumstances that surround the outside environment of the organisation. Introduction Managers these days are constantly being challenged with so many different obstacles, not only within the environment of the business, but from many other exterior sources that may affect their decisions on a daily basis. The early 19th century brought about a number of administrative theorists who defined certain guidelines that management should consider using to achieve success in the organisation. These theories helped to shape businesses in the earlier years and are now simply a foundation for managers to utilise, if needed. However, with globalisation and the ever broadening issues in the world today, such theories will not necessarily be efficient, effective, or relevant in the same organisation in one part of the world, to another on the other side of the globe. In addition to globalisation, there are many internal and external forces that are constantly evolving and unfolding, forcing involuntary transformations of the way objectives may be achieved by managers. For any organisation accomplish their goals it is vital for management to focus on changes that occur inside and outside the organisation, and not just theories that are somewhat out dated or are not necessarily related to todayâ€⠄¢s global companies and environmental issues. General Administration Theories Henri Fayol (1841-1925) was a French management theorist who introduced scientific organisational guidelines of labour, which had a great influence on organisations at the start of the 20th century. Fayol was the first to identify the functions of management which are: managing, planning, organising, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. In 1917 he introduced the fourteen principles of management in French and then later on published them in English in 1949. (Wikipedia Encyclopaedia 2006). Fayol’s fourteen principles were a great beginning in defining what management should consider doing in general, especially throughout the industrial age where it was extensively utilised. It is proposed by Hunt (2001. p.1) that the world of work is being transformed at an unprecedented rate, placing increasing pressure on individuals to adapt to the changes around them and to cope with the challenges that emerge from these changes. Fayol’s theories are now being referred to as ‘classical’ administration or ‘Old Public Administration’ against what is now being utilised in the world, ‘New Public Management’ (Olsen 2002). With endless research since the 1900, there still has not been any extensive hypothesises on what managers or leaders do and no clear evidence on what good managers do that is unique. These individuals are believed to have a special visionary and driving force which allows them to inspire their employees to greater efforts, usually resulting in extraordinary performance turnarounds (Craig & Yetton 1995, p.1185). Globalisation and Theories Haque (2002, p.103) interprets globalisation as a process of integrating nations, societies, peoples, and institutions in the economic, political, cultural, and intellectual domains through means such as capital, production, exchange, and information owned and controlled unequally by states, classes, groups, and individuals. Globalisation is no longer constrained by national borders. Australian companies are building properties in the United Kingdom and South-East Asia, German cars are being built in the United States, McDonalds sells its burgers in China, and Japanese cars are manufactured in Australia. The world has defiantly become a global village (Robbins et al. 2006, p.57). Along with globalisation comes a whole diverse standpoint on theories, and how or if they are applied. Between the years of 1980 and 2000, many transitions occurred. This period displayed the industrial age giving way to the economic imperatives of the information era (Hunt. 2001, p.1). Varied surrounding environments nowadays challenge management on a global scale, including Fayol’s methods. There are so many other principles that a manager must consider before resorting back to Fayol’s fourteen principles. For instance internal, external, and specific circumstances these days shape the way a manager manages his or her firm. Some of these issues that need to be taken into consideration relate to suppliers, customers, public pressure groups, competitors, global, economic, political, sociocultural, demographics, and technology matters. Environmental issues are expanding at a rapidly fast rate which is placing pressure on managers to pursue their own intelligent and logically ways and means in managing an organisation that will lead them to gaining the success and profits that is expected. Olsen (2002) suggests that the ‘New Public Management’ portrays a centrally organized and rule-bound public administration as outdated. The public sector is not distinctive from the private sector and the slogan: ‘let the managers manage’ implies fewer uniform, system-wide rules and procedures and more flexibility and decentralization. The public administration is primarily an instrument for efficient service production, governed by a performance-oriented culture with a focus on results, entrepreneurship and efficiency. Environmental Forces Technology is one of the biggest issues that management has had to deal with. Hunt (2001. p5) suggests that our increasingly wired world has effectively been evolving progressively over the past two decades. This dramatic evolution has been driven by two key factors. The first is the widespread commitment on the part of organisations everywhere to accelerate and maximise their levels of competitiveness. The second is the digital revolution, which has resulted in technological developments that have helped to transform the way in which work is carried out. According to Haque (2002, p.106) one of the most effective measures enhancing globalisation has been the internet. It has been predicted that the number of internet users has increased from 26 million in 1995 to 143 million in mid-1998. That figure currently stands at 1,022,863,307 billion as of March 31st, 2006 (Internet World Stats 2006). With the ever increasing and advancing technology, managers need to be able to keep the organ isation streamlined and stable through newer structures and methods of managing, while keeping up with the vast technological variations and competition. Another important issue that has dramatically changed since the introduction of the earlier theories is the political and legal system that surrounds almost any particular business or organisation. Australian managers are accustomed to stable legal and political systems, which change at a slow rate. This may not be the case in many other countries around the globe such as South Africa, South America, and China (Robbins et al. 2006, p.137). Another particular country that places strains on managers, due to constant changes, is Saudi Arabia. Many mangers in Saudi Arabia have to deal with dramatic political and legal system changes that are unexpected and unpredicted. In September 2005, the government of Saudi Arabia passed a law that states â€Å"the number of Saudi workers hired by the employer must be no less then 75% of the total workforce, although the labour minister is entitled to reduce that proportion temporarily† if there is no competent nationals to fill relevant jobs (New Saudisation law comes into force 2005). This dramatic law was applied almost immediately which had managers searching for ways to restructure their organisation in the most efficient, effective, ethical way. Regardless of where the company originates from, organisations had a time period of three months to ensure this percentage was achieved or penalties would apply. Many foreign investors and organisations have relocated their companies, due to this inconvenient law, to the United Arab Emirates, where globalisation is welcomed widely. Others opted to remain and try to bypass the law by employing any Saudi national, qualified or unqualified, just to meet the numbers required. Qualified Saudi nationals are available in remarkably small numbers and are usually highly paid, whereas some of the unqualified Saudi nationals are usually not committed or are irresponsible in employment which leads them to being trained to handle lower and less responsible positions. Yet, some organisations have decided to register Saudi nationals on their payroll, regardless whether they show up to work or not. The advantage of having them on the payroll allows the organisation to meet the conditions of Saudi government without changing the structure excessively. However, this has caused additional overheads leading to a reduction in total profits for these organisations. Managers in such countries face great uncertainty as a result of political instability (Robbins et al. 2006, p.137). Fayol’s theories in situations like this one are totally irrelevant. Managers have to rethink their strategy at any given moment in a much more complicated direction, while the government decides which step to take next, whether it is ethical or unethical. Risk management is an important point that needs to be looked at in organisations also. At the present time, many companies working in unsafe environments thoroughly evaluate and plan risk management, before planning any other organisational objectives. Initial theorists did not contemplate risk management or whether it was needed or not, whereas managers in recent times acknowledge that it is of a high priority in some countries. The September eleven attack is a disaster that no one can forget, especially for the numerous organisations that were in the twin towers. What risk management plans did managers outline prior to this unpredictable incident? The answer is most probably none. Management in the towers at the time may have used some basic administrative theories on that day, but never imagined they that would be dealing with matters beyond any management model or structure. Chief partner for Capco, Joe Anastosia commented in an interview that â€Å"There are new thoughts on human skills, skills you can’t back up on computer. How do you protect your people? How do you protect against intellectual capital loss? Where giving people information on how to leave the building, how to seek out help, and we’re not unique. Most firms are doing that now† (Clark 2001). With the increased pressure of the external environmental forces, managers are exploring and adopting other alternatives to managing that are not included in Fayol’s theories but are in fact more suitable to today’s alternating world. Older theories maybe adopted and applied to non-western countries, but only to a certain extent as several cultural issues may collide with western methods. Expatriate mangers that ignore foreign values and customs and apply an attitude of ‘ours is better than theirs’, will quickly find it hard to compete against other global managers who are willing to understand the cultures that are tied to the organisation where they reside (Robbins et al. 2006, p.122). Successful global management is obligated to have a higher sensitivity to cultural differences, customs, and practices in various parts of the world (Robbins et al. 2006, p.125). GLOBE (Global Leadership and organisational Behaviour Effectiveness) investigating cross-cultural leadership, has been able to research data obtained from 18,000 middle managers in 62 countries. This has lead to nine diverse dimensions on which national cultures differ. These include: assertiveness, future orientation, gender differentiation, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism/collectivism, in-group collectivism, performance orientation, and humane orientation. Such research and investigation has enabled managers to gain additional information to help them identify and manage cultural differences. Jun (2000, p.277) believed that it is difficult to understand or predict the changing contexts of other cultures and nations through a theoretical lens used by post-industrial Western nations. Managers with an open mind and attitude, including easy adaptation, will be able to decipher how to gain success through the understanding of the local culture. As countries are confronted with the need for crisis management and with the uncertainty and ambiguity of coping with turbulent changes, ideographic, inductive, and qualitative approaches to local and national situations seem more useful for understanding different administrative problems as well as diverse ways of dealing with them (Jun 2000, p.284). Individuals, such as managers or leaders, find it difficult to identify key factors that are relevant to a particular situation, even if judgment could be passed through, the factors or mechanisms themselves are usually so limited in its understanding that it is not clear how to manage them. Leadership research has shown that the theories that were widespread in the fifties and sixties were focussed on the behaviour of the leader, with expectation that these were ensuring participation, being concerned with people, and structuring up tasks (Kotter 1990, p.1186). As a matter of choice, present managers seek their own individual ways of m otivating their employees to ensure success for the organisation, with special consideration to the surrounding environments that cause changes inside and outside the organisations environment. Many managers today still refer to the works of Fayol as a basic logically approach in management, yet many other theories have been brought forward, with up-to-date modern recommendations which are more suitable to current managers in the global market. Kotter (1990) suggested that these theories are able to aid managerial competencies. For instance there has been a lot of evidence that if people are set high achievable goals, and are given the skills needed, than performance improves. Leadership is a powerful concept and is increasing. There are many people who ‘produce leadership’, and it is hard not to think they’d made a difference. However, there is never a chance to see what may have happened if someone else had lead that certain organisation at that time. There has been considerable evidence that success relies on a complex pattern of organisational and environmental forces. There is little doubt that successive waves of downsizing initiatives and the drive towards outsourcing key corporate functions have placed greater pressures on managers to ensure that their organisations remain cohesive and integrated while preserving the capacity for innovation and adaptability. Slimmer organisational structures of the present age make it almost impossible for managers to operate according to the old hierarchical paradigms with their concentration being on command and control administrative dimensions. Managers are required to share larger amounts of information these days unlike before, as it has shown that their capabilities to do so influences performance levels of many others around them (Hunt 2001, p.8). Conclusion It is evident that general administrative theories may have been relevant to organisations many years ago when external environmental influences had a lesser affect on the organisation and its structure. The world has changed with the introduction of globalisation and its accelerated growth, which has lead to many changes in the way a manager manages, plans, organises, commands, coordinates, and controls. Without the assistance of any particular theories, managers have been able to deal with internal and external matters with a level-headed, rational and sensible manner which will possibly solve the problem at hand and achieve the organisations main objective. Bibliography Aljezzera Net 2006, New Saudisation law comes into force. Retrieved April 28, 2006, from http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BCED3E8F-DB85-4932-8FED-B16DD840B717.htm Clark, P 2001, ‘Firms deal with displacement’, B to B. vol. 86, no.19, October 15, p. 6 & 21. Haque, MS 2002, ‘Globalisation, new political economy, and governance: A third world viewpoint’, Administrative Theory and Praxis, vol. 24, no.1, pp. 103-124. Hunt, J 2001, ‘The future of work’ in Weisner, R & Millett, B (Eds.) Management and organisational behaviour: contemporary challenges and future directions, Wiley, Brisbane, pp. 3-10. Internet World Stats 2006, Usage and population statistics. Retrieved April 29, 2006, from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stas.htm Jun, JS 2000, ‘Transcending the limits of comparative administration: A new internationalism in the making’, Administrative Theory and Praxis, vol. 22, no.2, pp. 273-286. Kotter, J 1990, ‘What do leaders really do?’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 63, no.3, May-June, pp. 103 – 111. Olsen, JP n.d, ‘Towards an European administrative space?’, Arena Working Papers, retrieved April 20, 2006, from http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp02_26.htm Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M. (2006), Management, Prentice Hall 4th edn, Frenchs Forest. Wikipedia Encyclopaedia 2006, Henri Fayol. Retrieved April 22, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol

Dicussion questions Essay

How do organizational functions affect organizational structures? How do your organization’s functions affect its organizational structure? How do organizational structures affect organizational functions? How does your organization’s structure affect its organizational functions? An organization is defined as a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals. The function of an organization directly relates to its structure. To succeed as an organization, all the functional areas must work together. There are different levels of structures: Vertical and Horizontal. Vertical organizational structures means a strict top down or bottom up structure (chain of command is important); horizontal, flat or closer to flat organizational structure (no leaders). While the organization I work for does not participate in any sort of sales, we do protect America through research and being knowledgeable in different aspects of careers. The Air Force follows a vertical organizational structure. There is always a person in charge of someone. To file a complaint, you have to start with the lowest level and work your way up. Organizational structures affect organizational functions depending on the main goal/strategy. The functions and structures of organizations go hand in hand. What are the different types of organizational structures? Which type of structure do you think is the most effective? Why is this structure the most effective? How can organizations determine if they are structured in the most effective and efficient manner? The different types of organizational structures are functional, divisional, and matrix. Functional structure is departmentalization around specialized activities such as production, marketing, and human resources. Divisional structure is departmentalization that groups units around products, customers, or geographic regions. Matrix structure is an organization composed of dual reporting relationships in which some managers’ report to two superiors –a functional manager and a divisional manager. The most effective structure is the matrix structure because it consists of the other functions, both of which would fail without them. Organizations can determine if they are structured in the most effective and efficient manner by analyzing how their business operates. Consider an organization in which you have worked. Draw it’s organization chart, and describe it by using terms from Ch. 8 of the text. Describe your experience with the organization. Did you enjoy working there? Explain your response. The experience I have had with the organization is good. Our organization makes charts for each unit’s supervision. Everyone knows who to contact in case of an emergency or if there is a problem with the chain of command. So far, I have enjoyed working for the military. I appreciate structure and reliability. What evidence have you seen of the imperatives for change, flexibility, and responsiveness faced by today’s firms? By firms becoming learning organizations they can be skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights. Firms should also have a high-involvement organization, which top management ensures that there is consensus about the direction in which the business is heading.

Analysis of the Modern State and Features of Stock Market Investment

Analysis of the Modern State and Features of Stock Market Investment Portfolio Analysis for stock market investment An investor tends to come up with various pools of investment to the market intending to maximize bid share and with an aim of upholding the invested amount in the stock market which is generally advocated in the principle of low risks which should lead to high yields. As much as long term investment is concerned, various factors such as types of assets in the portfolio and the management policy, by way of measuring both investor’s long and short term investment goals whereby they should come to fulfillment before closure of the intended period which makes easy to have 10 stocks for a given time. In order to attain an optimal asset allocation for portfolio, the investor should be aware of the market risks likely to encounter. The investor should however come up with the most efficient and risk tolerance portfolio goals. Some of the reasons which fostered the kind of market are as outlined. Transaction summary It clearly lists all the financial activities which occurred in the account in a systematic way. The total investable principle and the additional amount which can be invested can easily be channeled to the market. This has however sieved un important financial transaction which leaves the investor with the net market transactions which includes market buy, market sell, earned dividends and short proceeds. This report allows the investor to filter different transactions by date of occurrence and the date of transaction. Portfolio summary This summary shows the both cash inflow and outflows, purchases and sales, and, cash distributions which make it easy for the investors to at any particular to access the financial position of the investment firm. The summary also outlines all activities and performance in a specified duration, this summary is reached out by use of all transactions that occurred during the specified period of time i.e weekly, after two weeks etc. The investor can have a view on the look of the portfolio in between the selected time duration. The summary includes: value summary section, cash distributions and purchases section, period Returns section, and the portfolios and transaction bit of it. This approach guides on the starting market value (recorded at end of a starting date), ending market value (recorded at the close of ending date) and the portfolio net change. This makes it easy to come up with a financial and a defined market report and trade completion. The Gain/Loss summary The investor can easily get to know how the investment has performed in duration of specified period in terms profit or loss. This guides the investment scheme in making decisions for future investments and shows if the investor minimized costs to maximize returns. Every purchase in this case is matched with the sell transaction and a display of either there is a loss/gain. This information leads to the Back-In-Time-Report. Performance Study This approach analyses the aggregate performance of an investor in the market to other major investors. The trade however reflects the intended purpose, indicating whether the investor is 3in line with the set objectives or not, showing how the investor has failed to meet the core obligation which is maximum returns. True diversification of assets to market exposure is reached out, which advocates for low costly assets and low investment costs.